Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Essay Example for Free

Psychological Behavioral Therapy Essay In the mid 1960’s there was a float towards Cognitive Behavior Therapy as individuals dismissed out of frustration in the psychodynamic hypothesis for psychotherapy. Likewise as of now social learning hypothesis was the new and up and coming examination. This is when Cognitive hypothesis developed with Alfred Adler. He was the principal Cognitive advisor who thought of the possibility that a people convictions and thoughts is the thing that makes up their conduct (Lantz, 1996). He accepted that this kind of psychotherapy would permit the customers to make changes in the manner they think to change their conduct and take care of their issues. Alfred Adler was not by any means the only supporter of Cognitive hypothesis. Between the late 1950’s and mid 1960’s Albert Ellis thought of broken reasoning or feelings that originate from silly convictions. He searched out to change these indistinct feelings with psychotherapy and by testing these convictions. His books are very notable and utilized a great deal of by various advisor. He is essentially viewed as the granddad of Cognitive Behavior Therapy and his ABC model is utilized broadly. Albert concocted Rational-emotive treatment, which was later on changed to Rational-emotive conduct treatment since Ellis needed his customers to follow up on their new convictions by incorporating them (Wilde, 1996, p. 9). Other people who have added to Cognitive hypothesis have been William Glasser, Arnold Lazarus, Don Tosi, Victor Ramy, Maxie Maultsby, Aron Beck and some more. William Glasser utilized viable psychotherapy to enable his customers to discover fortitude to change their way of life and become progressively dependable of their objectives. He did this by bringing up the value of self and the fundamental human should be adored. His ‘reality therapy’ comprised of his customers concentrating on moral obligation to comprehend their own world (Lantz, 1996). Arnold Lazarus thought of the seven methods of the customer that help evaluate their working. These seven modes are sensation, symbolism, discernment, conduct influence, relational living and medications (Lantz, 1996). These modes, as indicated by Lazarus, would help think of a treatment plan that would help the customer in every aspect of their capacity lives. Wear Tosi added to Cognitive hypothesis by intergrading trance with the treatment. Mesmerizing is utilized to enable the customers to picture their musings in a solid manner through investigation and redirection (Lantz, 1996). Victor Ramy concentrated his work on helping customers change their self-idea. His books tell the best way to enable a customer to work with and change the intellectual misconception of themselves. Maxie Maultsby utilized the ABC model as utilized by Albert Ellis however he likewise contributed by utilizing balanced conduct treatment with youths, for self improvement gatherings, and gathering treatment. Aron Beck was a therapist who utilized psychological treatment to help his customers who had tension and character issue. He did broad research on viable Cognitive treatment and how it helps customers with a scope of individual issues from self-destructive patients to the individuals who have marginal character issue. A considerable lot of the individuals who added to Cognitive treatment were not social specialists. The main social specialist that utilized Cognitive treatment was Harold Werner. Werner battled from the get-go when he attempted to carry Cognitive treatment to social work as the individuals who had a psychoanalytical perspective assaulted him. His endeavors permitted the hypothesis to be acknowledged in the social work field. Howard Goldstein likewise carried Cognitive treatment into the social work calling. Conduct hypothesis is a blend of various speculations joined and it originally occurred in the primary quarter of this century. Crafted by Ivan Pavlov and his old style molding hypothesis, crafted by B.F. Skinner and J.B. Watson and their operant condition hypothesis and crafted by Bandura on the social learning hypothesis is completely consolidated in the conduct hypothesis. The old style molding hypothesis expresses that an adapted improvement can cause a molded reaction with the popular case of Pavlov and the salivating hound. This is a conduct that is found out and that can be utilized to help customers during treatment particularly the individuals who have tension issue. The operant molding utilizes human conduct and inspects it. Skinner accepted that conduct was quantifiable and that specific circumstances cause human to respond is sure ways. When these practices are found out through the logical strategy we can foreordain a customers activities and help them with either negative or uplifting comments. This will either increment or lessening the client’s conduct in the event that the conduct is rebuffed or emphatically strengthened. In the late 60’s is when conduct hypothesis turned into a leader with clinical social work. As of now the psychodynamic speculations were enduring an onslaught and another hypotheses were searched out. Social learning hypothesis centers around utilizing the ABC model that Albert Ellis used to support customers. This includes finding the precursors, target practices, and outcome in ones hazardous conduct. Predecessors is the thing that the customer was doing before the circumstance happened, target conduct is the conduct that should be changed or centered around and the outcome is the outcome due to their objective conduct (Thomlison, 1996). These three are broke down to make sense of what requirements to change in the conduct to get an other positive outcome or to perceive how the circumstance can be dodged. Standards and Concepts: There are four essential ideas to Cognitive hypothesis. The primary uses Albert Ellis’s ABC model to manage the feelings we feel and the manner in which we consider our circumstances and ourselves. The ABC model causes us distinguish our musings and afterward encourages us control our feelings (Lantz, 1996). On the off chance that what we are thinking during a circumstance is silly, at that point our feelings will be wild and nonsensical moreover. On the off chance that we have normal considerations, at that point our feelings will be practical. In the event that our trigger conduct causes silly feelings, at that point we have to discover judicious feelings to supplant the silly conviction (Wilde, 1996, p. 33). The second essential idea to Cognitive hypothesis is that these silly convictions are in our oblivious and we don't know about them. This may make it hard to discover what the musings are and why we have broken feelings. To enable our customers to see their unreasonable convictions we need to permit them to learn misguided judgments about themselves so they are increasingly mindful of their musings. Nonsensical accepts lead to outlandish feelings, which makes the customer respond in a preposterous manner, yet there are exactions to these sorts of circumstance, which is essential idea three (Lantz, 1996). Now and then the manner in which we feel has nothing to do with our unreasonable convictions. What we are feeling is truly evident or there could be a neurological or other medical issue, which can cause a person to feel down or furious or upset. A uniqueness in the cerebrum science can cause useless feelings. Ultimately all unreasonable feelings are not generally useless which implies a sane conviction can be broken too. A customer may get kind of ‘high’ or energized from something risky, for example, a weapon. Playing with a firearm may give a customer a sentiment of energy and joy yet it isn't protected to play with weapons. Feeling cheerful or energized isn't viewed as a broken feeling however for this situation we would need to show the customer the confusion in their psyche that playing with firearms is sheltered or fun. Intellectual hypothesis permits an individual to perceive their condition and their circumstance both truly and publicly and it permits them to work through and transform it (Lantz, 1996). An essential idea to Behavior hypothesis is that all conduct is found out and that individual have dangerous practices. As per Skinner our social issues can be estimated through our conduct. By changing the earth and strengthening the customer with either uplifting feedback or negative fortification we can get them to change their conduct. The boosts from the support will permit the customer to either change or evacuate the conduct (Thomlison, 1996). Social learning hypothesis, which includes the ABC model, gives us how conduct can improve. Likenesses and Differences: The greatest comparability between Cognitive hypothesis and Behavior hypothesis is the interlacing of the Social Learning Theory. The two of them utilize the ABC model and take a gander at the predecessors, practices, and results of every circumstance. With Cognitive hypothesis, the trigger conduct accompanies a nonsensical conviction that should be changed. Customers regularly have unreasonable convictions during their conduct. After the outcome happens the ABC model will assist us with demonstrating them their silly convictions and instruct them that with an objective conviction an alternate result could have occurred. With Behavior hypothesis a comparative example is utilized. The issue is distinguished and the objective conduct is seen by the social laborer other savvy known as ‘behavior analysis’ (Thomlison, 1996). The social laborer at that point works with the customers on changing both the predecessors and the outcomes to achieve an alternate conduct. Changing the forerunner is known as controlling the earth condition (Streff, Geller, 1986). The precursor is changed to build a positive conduct in the circumstance. The outcome is utilized as fortification either positive or negative. The support takes into account an adjustment in conduct. The contrast between the two hypotheses is that one spotlights on the convictions and feelings that one has about themselves and the conduct that originates from these convictions and the different spotlights on tricky conduct and the fortifications that change this sort of conduct. Conduct treatment utilizes both positive and negative fortifications and Cognitive treatment centers around taking out the negative conduct or feeling and supplanting

The Topic is Post Merger Integration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Topic is Post Merger Integration - Essay Example A merger can be viewed as the meeting up of at least two firms of decently a similar size after a joint choice to frame a completely new firm, sharing force similarly. (Gustafsson and Hukkanen, 2002; Randeniya and Roivas, 2004). Three sorts of mergers can be recognized: vertical reconciliation where two firm occupied with various phases of creation of a similar decent/administration meet up, even mergers where two firms at a similar phase of creation meet up and aggregates where two firms delivering disconnected merchandise/administrations meet up (Gustafsson and Hukkanen, 2002; Randeniya and Roivas, 2004). Vertical can additionally be part into forward vertical and in reverse vertical mergers.(Gustafsson and Hukkanen, 2002). A merger may happen to accomplish the accompanying outcomes. A procurement then again is an association of two firms in one of them endures while the different leaves presence. (Gustafsson and Hukkanen, 2002). In specific events, the ingested organization may hold its individual character on the off chance that it is a significant vital component, for instance, when Ford procured Volvo, Volvo was still permitted to keep its image name.(Randeniya and Roivas, 2004). ... (Gustafsson and Hukkanen, 2002; Karin and Elisabet, 2006). The differentiation among mergers and acquisitions can saw from three points, viz: The key explanation or reason fundamental the choice; Regardless of whether it is an amicable or antagonistic solidification; The level of combination between the organizations. (Gustafsson and Hukkanen, 2002) As a rule, the intentions in mergers and acquisitions can be extensively partitioned into two, viz, the money related and non-esteem expanding reasons. The monetary explanation: This arrangements with the money related estimation of the firm all in all and takes a gander at perspectives, for example, expanding in general execution and making investor esteem. (Risberg, 2006). This is because of the increases of collaboration and defeating of data asymmetry which may have been existing in the independent firms. (Risberg, 2006). Likewise, the association's powerlessness to finance certain hardly beneficial undertakings as remain solitary foundations is a propelling budgetary factor behind mergers. There is likewise the non-esteem amplifying hardly based rationale behind mergers. This emerges basically because of the chief's wants to build force, deals or development. This explanation is otherwise called individual or key reasons. (Risberg, 2006). In a merger, the recently shaped firm has a totally new name while in an obtaining, the assimilated firm may hold its name, however the board is dealt with by the getting firm. (Randeniya and Roivas, 2004). Other remote purposes behind mergers of acquisitions are mental intentions which is predominantly dread. In this manner, we discover a circumstance where firms meet up or obtain others or because of the dread of being procured by other bigger progressively effective firms. (Risberg, 2006). Once more, as firms develop old, they become unbending and the sky is the limit from there

Spot the Blogger

Spot the Blogger When the CPW schedule came out  when I was a prefrosh 50000 years ago, I turned into a puddle of excitement. A puddle! I tried to plan out a full itinerary and ended up with something like this: and miserably failed at attending all the events I had hoped to be at. While this is not a guide to optimizing your CPW experience here are a few things I wish I knew as a prefrosh! 1) Your host loves you, so try your best to get to know them!  Remember that your host is fully aware of the commitment of hosting a prefrosh, so dont feel like you are a burden. However, you shouldnt plan on glomming onto your hostâ€"remember that campus is filled with hundreds of other prefrosh just like you, so itd be a shame to not go out and meet them :) 2) The MIT Mobile application  will help you navigate across campus and on the Boston side where you might find events from FSILGS. Download it and check it out! You can also use whereis.mit.edu for a simple Google Maps version of campus. Dont be afraid to explore there are great events that are often a shuttle ride away. 3) You can catch up on sleep when you get home. Dont feel guilty for wanting to stay up and try everything. :) Youve earned it! 4) CPW is still school for us! (unfortunately) If your host has classes on Thursday and Friday, or club meetings throughout CPW, or a bit of studying or problem sets to do for next week then your host is indeed an MIT student! Dont fret and feel like they dont want to spend time with youâ€"they are often trying their best to clear their schedule for you. :D ~~~~~~~ And if you want to find a blogger for some life guidance? Heres where youll find us this CPW: I will be at Activities Midway on Saturday at the Asian American Association and Undergraduate Association booths! please come say hi and get some free swag from me :) at Phi Sig Iron Chef enjoying some of the best (and most elaborate?) dinner on campus at my sorority on Saturday from 5-7pm for our open house eventâ€"make your own pizza. all the pizza. infinite pizza! making delicious dumplings on Saturday with the Asian American Assocation floating around to cheer on my friends at a number of different events Anna H. 14 will be getting ready to help run the following French House events: Cards Crêpes on Thursday and dinner on Friday presenting a poster on my astronomy research at the MURJ/Sigma Xi CPW Poster Session on Saturday at Meet the Bloggers on Friday MCing at the Closing Show on Saturday :) Rachel D. 16 will be in the EC courtyard helping to dye hair and show everyone how awesome EC culture is helping out with the EC haunted house on Saturday night as a scary person giving tours of East Campus if you see her in the courtyard and recognize her as a bloggerâ€"shell let you meet the infamous cats of Tetazoo! Erick P. 17 will be at Skullhouse (Phi Kappa Sigma) manning different dinners and steak and shake every night at Meet the Bloggers on Friday living the prefrosh life, so dont blow his cover Emad T. 14 will be at a screening of Silver Linings Playbook, an event co-sponsored by Active Minds at MIT and the LSC at the Activities Midway at the UA, Active Minds and SMASH booths probably trying to steal pancakes and eating stuff at Max Brenner And blogger or notâ€"dont be afraid to ask a student tough questions if youre looking for deeper answers. Beyond our hopes that CPW is one of the craziest experiences of your life, we hope that it answers a lot of your questions if you do have a tough choice to make. My CPW host helped me understand why MIT was a good fit for me. :) Oh and 5) Bring a pair of comfortable shoes you can walk, run and climb in. For uhh exploring.

Essay about Marijuana As Medicine Should Be Allowed

The legalization of marijuana as a prescription drug should be allowed. Medical research shows that marijuana has therapeutic value in patients with various types of cancers, some neurological disorders, and AIDS patients. The marijuana eases some of the effects of chemotherapy such as nausea and dizziness. It also controls muscle spasms and contractions and aids in the relaxation of patients with neurological disorders. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Many researchers and administrations of the government, such as the Drug Enforcement Administration(D.E.A.) feel that legalizing marijuana is an unnecessary approach in the treatment of patients. Many of them feel that not only those people with the diseases and the disorders will use†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Many other complaints of the legalization of marijuana have been argued and show no relevance in reasons of why marijuana should not be legalized. The D.E.A. is trying to make the argument that by legalizing marijuana, the drug problem in America will worsen. The way the DEA sees this issue is that if they allow marijuana as a medicine, there is the fear that there will be many more people using it. Then after using it, they will see how good they feel and that they are functioning fine. When that effect hits the people, that will raise questions of why marijuana is illegal at all. That is an invalid fear because if that was the case, then drugs like morphine and cocaine, which are prescribed legally, would be causing problems. Those legal uses are not adding in any significant way to the countrys drug problems, so marijuana should not either. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Many of the government organizations have expressed their opinion that the patients being used in these experiments by marijuana lobbyists to bring attention to their real motive: legalizing marijuana in general. It is unfair for the government to make the public try to believe that these medical researchers are the bad guys and the government is trying to protect the public from the evil. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;As much research has conducted, it has be proven that marijuana has been effective in treating sick patients with theirShow MoreRelatedMedicinal Marijuana Should Be Decriminalized Essay851 Words   |  4 Pagesdebates over the topic of the decriminalization of marijuana have been a great controversy among politicians. Some politicians believe that marijuana for the use of medicine should be outlawed. As Congressman Bob Barr in his debate with radio talk show host Neil Boortz on May 14, 2002, stated, quot;There is no legitimate medical use whatsoever for marijuana. This [marijuana] is not medicine. This is bogus witchcraft. It has no place in medicine, no place in pain relief, and it has no place aroundRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1187 Words   |  5 Pagesthese drugs do not relieve their symptoms, as they should (Joy 117). For this type of patient, medical marijuana is an obvious alternative, if only it were legal. The legalization of marijuana i s becoming a more polemic debate as several states are, at the very least, decriminalizing it. The decision for legalization is conflicted between whether the drug can provide benefits towards certain medical conditions and also be safe to consume. Marijuana should be legalized for medical uses because it has aRead MoreMedicinal Marijuana: Should It Be Legal in All States? Essay1071 Words   |  5 Pagesor not marijuana should be legal for medicinal purposes in all fifty states. Many people believe that marijuana is an unsuitable substitute for many of the medications we have today. On the other hand, many researchers have conducted extensive studies that have shown how beneficial medicinal marijuana can be. Many states have already picked up on this, and have laws set in place to allow the use of medicinal marijuana. Medicinal marijuana has a wide variety of uses, and should be allowed for medicinalRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal? Essay1234 Words   |  5 PagesRecently doctor s have prescribed marijuana, and â€Å"the Clinton administration threatened to prosecute doctors who prescribe marijuana,† (Gonnerman 40). Doctors are prescribing marijuana for its medical benefits. The Clinton administration on the other hand is outlawing marijuana because it has not been approved by the FDA. Since doctors feel marijuana has medical benefits it should be clinically tested so they can prescribe it for their patients. Marijuana can be used for many medical reasons. ForRead MoreMedical Marijuana Should Be Legal1545 Words   |  7 Pagesmedicinal utility of marijuana. However, the federal government opposes passing legislation that would legalize medical marijuana because of its potential to be abused or unregulated. The states are continuously challenging the federal government causing complications in legislation in regards to medical marijuana. Because of its history of medicinal properties and accumulating amounts of state and local legislation, the federa l government should decriminalize medical marijuana and legalize its useRead MoreMarijuana in Medicine1452 Words   |  6 Pagesuse of medical marijuana should be allowed for medical purposes. Marijuana can be used as a treatment for nausea and vomiting, as well as a pain reliever from other medical treatments such as chemotherapy. Others argue that its use can lead to addiction and could lead to health risks such as lung and heart problems over time. Therefore, medical marijuana should be strictly limited for medical use and monitored to meet the needs of the patient. Medical marijuana should be allowed to relieve painRead MoreEssay Marijuana for Medical Use1547 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana for Medical Use For many years the United States government has prohibited some drugs, such as marijuana, from being sold in the marketplace. Yet, even with prohibition, marijuana use has only decreased minimally. Because of its illegality, only the bad aspects of marijuana use have been made known. However, there are many positive aspects of marijuana legalization, including its application concerning medical cures. As of today, in most of the states, marijuana is classifiedRead More The Use Of Marijuana For Medicinal Purposes Essay820 Words   |  4 Pages Marijuana is illegal in fifty states because of its classification as an illicit drug, but controversial issues have been established that this â€Å"illicit drug† has improved the course of treatment for suffering patients. Marijuana has beneficial effects when used in medicinal scenarios for the treatment of pain; thus it should be an administered drug for patients who can benefit from the use of this drug. Marijuana has undergone analysis for its use as a medicine and the results have shown improvementsRead MoreWhy Marijuana Should Be Legal1085 Words   |  5 PagesDear , Since the 1930s marijuana has been illegal in the United States. The debate to legalize marijuana has been a huge controversy since the existence of the drug. I believe that by legalizing marijuana America will be able to thrive in the future. Marijuana has been tested and proven to provide a very positive impact in the medical field, the economy, and crime. First and foremost, marijuana is legal in some states in the United States but for medical use only and other countries such as CanadaRead MoreThe Bill to Legaliza Marijuana Around the United States Essay1493 Words   |  6 Pagesintroduced to the following bill, which was referred to the Committee on A Bill Section 1: This Bill will legalize marijuana around the United States to meet the public’s demand and allow the government full control of marijuana consumption and business. Section 2: The Congress hereby finds and declares†¦ There has not been reported of any death case related to marijuana usage and overdose. Marijuana, called cannabis, is widely known around the nation and has spread through each street and alley. It can be

The Aeneid From An Analytical Approach - 1272 Words

The Aeneid by Virgil There are many different ways of looking at the Aeneid from an analytical approach. Many readers will tend to focus on the relationship of Aeneas and Dido and some will focus on Dido herself while others, like myself, will focus on Aeneas s blind ambition which is driven by the Gods desire to have him found a new Trojan empire in Rome. His obedience and loyalty was towards achieving what the Gods said was his future fate. Aeneas himself has some godlike qualities and was honored by the people of Troy. His father however, did not give him the same respect that the people of Troy did. Early on in the Aeneid, when the city of Troy fell, Aeneas was challenged with rounding up what was left of the Trojan people and leaving the city to find a new home to settle. His journey takes him too many places and through many obstacles before finally reaching a city that accepted them. Aeneas was not without fault and cared deeply for his people and eventually fell in love. That love proved t o be a distraction and once again Aeneas was off to find their new home. Aeneas eventually makes his way to Rome and becomes their king and fulfills his blind ambitious destiny the Gods lead him to believe. Who is Aeneas? Aeneas is a member of the Dardanian branch of the Trojan royal house but lived on Mount Ida instead of in Troy itself (Sage, Evan T). He was actually the son of the Goddess Athena who provided him with certain godlike abilities and protection that aShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Moral Idealism1159 Words   |  5 PagesMoral idealism,as characterized by German idealist Immanuel Kant, is a philosophical approach to life that is driven by a desired focus on what is â€Å"right† and governs morality by a set of universal rights or duties, which tend to avoid compromises and deals with absolutes. An individual that adopts such an ideology, while in search of revenge for a crime committed against family, may cross into the realm of the divine and seek retribution beyond the worldly human capabilities as performed by the

Human Cloning Free Essays

Ashley Brackett Biology Ms. Lecco Block 1A Human Cloning: Helpful or Harmful? Human cloning, which was once thought of as the witchcraft involved in fictional stories, is a true thing in the real world. Human cloning involves replicating DNA of one organism into another one (Human Cloning). We will write a custom essay sample on Human Cloning or any similar topic only for you Order Now The controversial topic of cloning is seen by citizens that it could be beneficial for all humans, but by many people it is conceived as immoral and unsafe. Human cloning should not be allowed because the health risks involved, its depraved background, and errors that could occur during the cloning process. Cloning is potentially very dangerous to the clone being formed. For example, in mammalian cloning, at least 95% mammal experimental clones have had miscarriages, stillbirths, and life-threatening anomalies (Reproductive Cloning Arguments). No clones are perfectly healthy and will clearly have difficulty during pregnancies. Pregnancy problems will affect the clone and its child. Also, cloning can lead to birth defects to the clones themselves as well (Health Risks). Since clones are scientifically made, their organs are enlarged which is the most common reason for birth defects. Clones are also likely to experience an early death due to their weaker immune system (Health Risks). Clones will experience death possible before normally developed human. Health problems and early death is what makes human cloning unsafe. Along with all the health risks, human cloning is also immoral to a great amount of the populace. Clones are formed because of a nuclear donor and as a result, a clone will never be able to be its own self (Reproductive Cloning Arguments). This will affect a clone’s social development. Making an exact copy of someone is not morally right. Cloning could diminish the sense of uniqueness among human beings (Reproductive Cloning Arguments). People are supposed to have their own personality and physical features. Being an individual is ethical. As well as destroying a sense of individuality, cloning also would fosters a person’s idea of a human being by how it’s made to how it looks (Reproductive Cloning Arguments). There will be a specific look that all people will believe is perfection. This forms unrealistic images in young children’s minds and also takes away self appreciation. Cloning is immortal and should not be used to create a human being. Cloning is now as an experiment and it is not always perfect. In cloning, many mistakes are made. The most common mistake is DNA imprinting (Health Risks). Improper imprinting on an embryo can lead to organ abnormalities. Because cloning can possibly have errors, a clone is never going to be what it is meant to be which is a copy of a person. Human cloning will never be just right. Human cloning is extremely hazardous, unethical, and can result in many errors. It posts many dangers and makes citizens lose sight of individuality. For these reasons, human cloning should not be allowed in the United States. Work Cited â€Å"Human Cloning. †Ã‚  Buzzle. N. p. , n. d. Web. 15 Apr. 2013. http://www. buzzle. com/     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  articles/human-cloning/. Pandey, Kundan. â€Å"Health Risks of Cloning. †Ã‚  Buzzle. N. p. , 16 June 2011. Web. 15     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Apr. 2013. http://www. buzzle. com/articles/ health-risks-of-cloning. html. â€Å"Reproductive Cloning Arguments Pros and Cons. †Ã‚  Genetics and Society. Center for     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Genetics and Society, 15 May 2006. Web. 15 Apr. 2013. http://www. geneticsandsociety. org/article. php? id=282. How to cite Human Cloning, Papers

Recidivism in the Criminal Justice System an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Recidivism in the Criminal Justice System Overview Prison recidivism is a problem in the United States, resulting in prison overcrowding. As the government struggles to address the conditions in prisons, researchers have begun to look at alternatives to incarceration. These alternatives can result in lowering crime, recidivism and the prison population (Lanagan 2002). Need essay sample on "Recidivism in the Criminal Justice System" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The numbers of people in the United States spending time in prison and the amount of time people are spending is an enormous problem and cost for every state Llanagan 2002). The rate of incarceration has doubled in the last twenty years. Sixty percent of these people are serving time in prison for non-violent offenses. Only Russia has a higher rate of incarceration than the United States. Eventually, the great majority of criminals are released back to society (Messina 2006). Since it is clear that the likelihood of re-offending is high, and increases over time, preventative programs are being studied and implemented across the United States as well as other countries. The rehabilitative and preventative program work to address the transition n to the community and focus in on particular problems for the individual (Cochran 2007). Many of these program focus on the problems associated with substance abuse and addiction as this issues is rampant among individual in the criminal justice system. People Frequently Tell Us:I'm don't want to write my paper now. I don't have the timeProfessional writers recommend:We Write All Kinds Of PapersCheap Essay Helper Hire Writers For Blogs Pay For Writing Cheap Essay Help Programs and services for individuals with mental illness in the criminal justice system are also being developed across the country. In many areas, professional have referred to the prisons and jails throughout the country as de facto mental institution (Cochran 2007). The number of people with a mental illness incarcerated each year is more that seven times the number of people hospitalized (Peters 2005). More than sixty percent of incarcerated individuals are minorities. Another population that is increasing fast is the number of women in the criminal justice system. There are many complex reasons one can link to the rising rate of arrest and incarceration. These involve society issues such as poverty, unemployment, gang involvement, substance abuse, lack of educational opportunities, etc. As a result of crime, lawmakers have made changes to address the issue including mandatory sentencing, and three strikes laws (Roberts 2001). The responses to get tougher on crime have in some ways back fired. Continually arresting and sentencing an individual for drug related offences does not appear to be the answer, given the statistics. The Data A study by the US Department of Justice found that over 60% of prisoners released are rearrested within three years. The Department of Justice reviewed the cases of 300,000 individuals released from prison in 1994 and completed a similar review of prisoners released in 1983.More than half (52%) were back in prison within three years for either a violation of their parole or for a new crime. Individual in prison for robbery and burglary had the highest rate of re-offence (over 70%) (Zamble 2002). Individuals in prison for homicide and rape had lower rearrest rates of around 40%, still high enough to raise serious concerns for society. On average, prisoners had accrued fifteen charges prior to their initial prison sentence (Langan 2002). On average, prisoners remain in prison nearly five years, but served only about one third of their original sentence. The great majority of prisoner, about 70% had more than five prior arrests. Date indicates that six moths following release approximately one third of criminal have re-offended. That number grows to about forty-five percent after two years and to nearly seventy percent in three years (Langan 2002). Mental Illness Persons with mental illness represent approximately more than fifteen percent of the prison population, more than 100,000 persons across the United States. This number does not include the even larger number of inmates in local and county jails ( Lovell 2002). More than half of these prisoner released, were later rearrested. Unlike other populations of prisoners, those with mental illness are not generally able to advocate for themselves. There voices are not heard by the community at large. Social workers and mental health professionals have begun to study this issue and develop programs to link individual with appropriate services and prevent the re-offending behavior. (Lovell 200). Additionally, models on the front end that keep mentally ill individuals out of local jails are being developed. For example, The Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) model involves local police working along with mental health professions to quickly identify and divert mentally ill people from the law enforc ement system to the mental health system. This model is being used in Memphis Tennessee and has become a national model, replicated in many communities. Early data on this program indicates that arrests are decreasing and referrals to mental health services are increasing. In the long term, keeping mentally ill individuals out of jail, keeps them out of prisons (Cochran 2007). Substance Abuse Programs are also being designed to address the population of individuals who are incarcerated and re-incarcerated as the result of serious substance abuse and dependence problems (Hiller 1999). The development of what has become known as a therapeutic community within the confines of the prison can be used to begin the assessment and treatment of people with substance abuse problems Following the treatment in prison, the referral, to a community based residential program for continued treatment and support further improves the outcomes in the long term. The research concludes that the criminal justice system must develop release plans that include a continuum of services from the prison to the community. Society as a whole is served by these programs as there is less cost and less crime (Hiller 1999). Women Women are an invisible group in prisons in the Untied States. Most people dont think of the large and increasing numbers of incarcerated women, or of their children. It is not the normal image of women in our society. Aside form the high profile cases covered in the media, the problems and circumstance of female prisoners has not been given much attention until recently. The number of women in the prison system has tripled in the last ten years (Zamble 2002). Women are the fastest growing prison population. The reason for this is fairly clear. The crimes committed by these women are generally substance abuse related and with mandatory sentencing, they go to prison (Roberts 2001). The complicated factor in many of these women life is the history of trauma and co-existing mental health problems. Surveys of women in prison have shown numbers as high as eight percent of them with a history of sexual and or physical abuse (Messina 2006). The rate of recidivism for these women is high and a survey of prison wardens in 1995, indicated that at least three quarters of these women would be better served in community based programs. The mandatory sentencing laws that were meant to keep serious and violent criminal locked up, has resulted in an increasing number of non violent, substance abusing women in prison. There crimes are often linked to poverty (Wolf 2006). The recurring themes in the lives of these women are lack of education, unemployment, single mothers and poverty. Approximately 66% of these women have children. Almost two thirds of the women are minorities (Messina 2006). Developing programs to identify and begin treatment of these women while in prison, or diverting them from prison all together is key. The therapeutic community model has also shown to be effective for women. Programs must have a component for assessing issues of past abuse that may hold the key to the substance abuse and in tern the poor education and employment histories of these women (Wolf 2006). Summary The Untied States has experienced an explosive increase in the criminal justice system for problems liked to poverty, unemployment, mental illness, substance abuse among other societal factors. Maintaining individuals in prison with the goal of sending a message and preventing future crime has not been successful. It appears from the data and the research that the Unites States will need to examine other alternatives to have an effect on crime, rates of recidivism and the costs associated with the criminal justice system (Zamble 2002). Studies and research has shown that the types of programs needed are similar in nature and design, though may need to be adjusted depending on the particular problems of a group or individual. Rehabilitative programs that begin to assess and treat people in prison and then link them to services in the community is at the present, the best hope of impacting the crime rate and recidivism. References Cochran, Major Sam, Fighting Stigma in Law Enforcement. The Message Has to Come From the Heart. Memphis Police Department, 2007. Hiller, Matthew L, Knight, Kevin. Simpson, Dwayne Prison-based substance abuse treatment, residential aftercare and recidivism Addiction 94 (6), 1999. Langan, Patrick and Levine, David .Recidivism of Prisoners, Office of Justice Brorams Special Report, June 2002. Lovell, David and Gagliardi, Gregg Recidivism and Use of Services Among Persons with Mental Illness After Release From Prison, Psychiatric Services, October 2002. Messina, Nena, Burdon, William, Prendergastn, Michael, Predictors of prison-based treatment outcomes: a comparison of men and women participants. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, Feb, 2006. Peters RH, Wexler HK. Substance abuse treatment for adults in the criminal justice system. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA); 2005 Sep 12. 332 p. (Treatment improvement protocol (TIP); no. 44