Human Trafficking Essay

In this 2006 article published in Feminist Review, the author criticizes the classic viewpoint which maintains that human trafficking is a problem which only involves two parties- the sex slaves themselves and organized crime individuals who readily exploit the slaves for the purposes of illicit profits. The criticism of this assertion is upheld by the author from the vantage point that in trying to represent a complex issue as a simple case of crime and victim, pivotal contributors to human trafficking such as illegal immigration, prostitution and the like are essentially ignored. Additionally, as a result of this wholesale discounting of what appear to be legitimate factors in trafficking of human beings, the legal system and accompanying public service organizations have in effect turned their back on the victims of trafficking in many cases. Because of this disregard for legitimate crime victims, the impact of human trafficking continues to increase with time. Reviewing this article brought out several pivotal facets of the topic of human trafficking which are worthy of additional exploration. Early in the article, the point is made that at the heart of the phenomenon of human trafficking is the fact that individuals are enslaved for the purposes of a lucrative, illegal sex trade, not only in the United Kingdom, but elsewhere as well. However, there is a grey area in terms of what constitutes slavery, and thus, what makes trafficking illegal in and of itself. Davidson points out that in the broadest definition of slavery, housewives, employees, professional athletes and other groups of people can be considered to be slaves, although those who are controlling them in most cases are not breaking the law. Conversely, if this argument holds up, it can be asserted that traffickers are not criminals, at least from the standpoint of the control of other people; rather, they are overbearing supervisors, rather than criminal captors. In response to this apparent dichotomy, the author quite ably makes the point that the classic view of slavery differs from the new view of slavery and as such, human traffickers cannot be pardoned simply on the weak case that sex slave drivers can be likened to the operator of a low-paying, manual labor workshop. Lastly, the definition of trafficking is brought into the evaluation by the author by making the distinction that not all prostitution is slavery, and therefore, not all trafficking is illegal, at least from the standpoint of the intent of the trafficking itself. In legalizing prostitution, the author maintains, more people can be protected, as the illicit activity essentially emerges from the shadows and can be monitored by the proper authorities. In conclusion, the point made quite well by Julia O’Connell Davidson is that the state can in fact take a larger role in protecting women from forced sex work by focusing not on loopholes in laws and redefining words and their meanings, but rather by treating human trafficking like the crime that it is, and in some cases, legalizing and regulating adult services in order to be able to make sure that the workers in those services are in fact protected from abuse and harm like any other workers in any other occupation. In other words, by treating victims as victims and crimes as crimes, and separating the illegal from the simply immoral, it is possible to advance the causes of human rights and crime prevention simultaneously. Trafficking for the Purposes of Labour Exploitation: A Literature Review by Samantha Dowling, Karen Moreton and Leila Wright Through the review of a wide variety of sources, the authors of this article make the point that the trafficking of adults into the UK for the purposes of labour exploitation is a somewhat murky subject to explore, as there is a lack of solid data on the number of adults as well as children being brought to the UK as a final destination, which is also compounded by the fact that the centrality of the UK makes it a popular hub through which exploited individuals are passed on the way to other final destinations. Also, as the article maintains, there is also a marked lack of social services in place to help victims of trafficking. The overall lack of data on the topic of trafficking in the UK, as the authors continue, is due in large part to the fact that law enforcement, research, and governmental focus in the past emphasized prostitution and all but ignored other trafficking elements such as forced industrial labour, etc. In fairness to the UK government, by 2007, efforts were being made for the UK to become more involved in a wider, international program of understanding and prevention of all types of trafficking. As an important part of this heightened awareness and enforcement, the UK broadened its definition of trafficking as well as what constitutes trafficking in and of itself. Through this widening, it became possible for authorities to realize that there were far more criminals and victims involved in illegal human trafficking, and as such, there were far more possibilities available to fight human trafficking and protect its many victims. In other words, opening the eyes of authorities to the existence of more crime and victims made it possible for society as a whole to be enriched. Generally speaking, this article is well constructed, factually based, and hard hitting in its final conclusions. By solidly making the argument that for all of the knowledge, prevention and awareness of illegal human trafficking there is still a great deal to be learned and done, this piece serves not as a final word in the topic of human trafficking, but in fact, only the equivalent of the first word. By raising awareness of the epidemic-like characteristics of human trafficking in the UK and the tragedy of the victims of this all-encompassing crime, it has been possible for efforts to be made to reduce the crime rate in the UK and add value to the lives of victims by protecting them and saving them from the tragedies that have befallen them. Lastly, in additional endorsement of this article, it is research like this which in essence feeds upon itself; in other words, as more knowledge is gained, it is possible not only for the law enforcement community to better serve the public, but the social service agencies as well. In other words, when it is discovered that a certain legitimate industry or business, or even an illicit/illegal industry or business has been revealed to be exploiting workers either totally illegally or through violations which are not yet illegal because laws do not exist to outlaw them, the gaps are able to be filled through proper legislation and thorough public policy, all to the betterment of the UK itself. Without an increased awareness of the plight of individuals as well as the abuse of laws that are in place, society will surely degrade into chaos. Therefore, literature such as this serves an essential role in the protection of people and property. Pathologies of Security Governance by Cornelius Friesendorf Developing an Effective Criminal Justice Response to Human Trafficking by Anne Gallagher and Paul Holmes The Introduction of Quality Labels in the Prostitution Sector as a Means to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings by Conny Rijken and Linda van Krimpen These three articles, when evaluated in combination, truly clarify the issue of human trafficking, not only in the United Kingdom, but across all of Europe as well. First, Friesendorf emphasizes that human trafficking is of key importance throughout all of Europe because of its explosion in occurrence and popularity since the 1990s, expanding from the traditional version which exploited adult females for sexual purposes to include not only female children for the same purposes, but also for adult and child males as sex slaves, but also for the purposes of drug trafficking, forced labor of all types, etc. Friesendorf expands on the crime of trafficking in his article by making the point that in many cases, human trafficking is used as a means of financing the trade of other illicit commodities such as illegal drugs, stolen merchandise, undocumented diamonds and much more. Conversely, illegal commodities can also be used as a way of financing human traffic rings, creating the equivalent of a vicious circle of crime which holds the awesomely tragic potential to destroy millions of lives in record time. The Anti-Trafficking Security Governance System also plays a key role in Friesendorf’s article, as the author makes the point that the realization that such widespread crime exists and is growing has led to an international effort to detect instances of illegal trafficking of all sorts, bring suspects to justice, and to prevent it from happening in the future. While these efforts have not been totally effective, the point was well made in the article that by its very existence, the ATSGS serves a major public interest. It is through the prosecution of international traffickers, the author argues, that the entire world can in fact be improved. Gallagher and Holmes, in Developing an Effective Criminal Justice Response to Human Trafficking, likewise acknowledge the epidemic-like nature of human trafficking around the world, yet for all of the law enforcement efforts to both prevent trafficking and bring suspects to justice, no one program has been found to be totally effective, nor can any one nation lay claim to having found the secret to nipping human trafficking in the bud. One of the key reasons for this, according to Gallagher and Holmes, is the lack of any one definition of trafficking which makes the distinction between what is illegal in trafficking and what is merely unsavory results in trafficking being deemed to be illegal or not simply based on where the trafficking is occurring in the world, thereby giving traffickers the option to choose the location of their operations based on where they can do so without the threat of prosecution hanging over their heads. Gallagher and Holmes conclude their article by making the point that a cohesive, unified front against human trafficking, not only throughout Europe but worldwide, will require the establishment of international standards for legality and illegality, laws that are not limited by borders but can in fact cross borders to bring the guilty to justice, and a worldwide understanding that no matter where a trafficker goes, they can run but essentially cannot hide. Then, and only then, will human trafficking be universally outlawed as it should be. A decidedly more open-minded approach is taken by Conny Rijken and Linda van Krimpen in their article, The Introduction of Quality Labels in the Prostitution Sector as a Means to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings. This article puts forth the proposition that due to the fact that a large portion of human trafficking takes place for the purposes of prostitution, by legalizing and regulating prostitution throughout Europe, as is common in parts of the Netherlands, a great deal of criminal offenses will be eliminated and many victims will in essence be saved from exploitation at the hands of others because they will be voluntarily working in a business that is regulated by authorities, rather than being conducted in the shadows by criminal, often violent individuals. Additionally, the authors continue, the licensing of such businesses will create revenue for governments, and also generate a massive additional form of taxable revenue. Through the review of these three articles, it is possible to draw some parallels between all of them. First, as few outside of the field of professional study of human trafficking would likewise agree, the crime of human trafficking is unacceptable from a wide range of vantage points, and is growing to the point where it jeopardizes the well-being of millions of people in all parts of the world. Second, it will only be possible to fight human trafficking as the crime that it is when the nations of the world continue the efforts to establish universal definitions for the crime of human trafficking, coordinate enforcement/prevention efforts, and send out a clear message that human rights violations such as these will never be allowed to proliferate, regardless of the social, economic, or political status of any nation and/or its citizens. Also, illegal immigrants will not be allowed to be exploited under any circumstances, regardless of the fact that they themselves may have likewise broken other laws. In this instance, as the old adage goes, two wrongs do not in themselves make a right.

Fusion Power, can it ever work?

The idea of the power of fusion began towards the beginning of the 20th century and research into it is continuing up until today. On earth it is modelled on the method in which stars obtain their energy, from the fusing of nuclei. As these reactions occur a little mass is lost and this is released as heat. This reaction follows Einstein's most famous formula E = MC2. As the value of mass is multiplied by the speed of light squared, a tiny change in mass results in a massive amount of energy being produced. So far the most effective methods of recreating fusion on earth have been by using large chambers surrounded by electromagnets and by heating the reaction mixture generally hydrogen Introduction We live in a society in which energy, in all its forms, is at a premium. The cost of household electricity does not only hurt your back pocket more every year, but with each kilowatt-hour that is used we are damaging the environment that until now has sustained us. In this modern world it is becoming increasingly important that we find a practical and sustainable new form of energy and soon. One possibility is that we harness the source of energy that has been powering the stars over the aeons, the energy locked away inside hydrogen atoms, the energy known as Fusion Power. Fusion often known as nuclear fusion is defined as â€Å"the union of atomic nuclei to form a heavier nucleus with the release of energy1†. The important part of this definition is the fact that these unions release energy. The other important facts about fusion are that it uses hydrogen, the most abundant element in our universe and produces the harmless element helium. Therefore no pollution is produced during the process of fusion. History You could say that the history of Nuclear Fusion began with the big bang as in its aftermath matter began to form clumps due to gravitational attraction forming the very first stars the matter of which then began to undergo fusion. However on earth, the history of fusion began in with a number of scientific discoveries near the beginning of the twentieth century. In these years, scientists began to learn more and more about the structure of the atom. This was also the time in which the theory of relativity and the formula E=MC2 was proposed by one Albert Einstein. These discoveries and the war with Germany lead to scientists developing the first Nuclear Fission bombs and later the Hydrogen or Nuclear Fusion bomb. With these scientists began to realise the theoretically massive amounts of energy contained within atoms and began to realise that with proper control these could be harnessed and made to deliver power that could be used to generate electricity ( a good excuse, while also p roviding a source of radioactive matter for bombing far away nations)2. Before it is possible to explain how fusion works is, it is necessary to take a closer look at the atom. The Atom and Matter Before it is possible to explain the mechanism of nuclear fusion, it is necessary to explain the background. The atom as you probably know consists of a nucleus, with a cloud of electrons surrounding it. The nucleus further consists of protons and neutrons. Matter can usually be found in three forms with which people are familiar, these being Solid, Liquid and Gas. However there is a forth form of matter, known to scientists as plasma. Plasma is formed when gases are heated to extremely high temperatures, like those found in the cores of stars. The electrons separate from the protons and neutrons in the gas atoms and the mixture of charged particles move around separately at high speeds forming the plasma. This plasma cannot be maintained by normal chemical reactions, as the amounts of energy they produce are not sufficient instead, the process of fusion occurs. Nuclear Fusion In layman's terms what occurs during fusion is that the nuclei of two hydrogen nuclei are accelerated together with sufficient speed or kinetic energy to overcome the repulsion between the positively charged particles. When the two nuclei touch, the force of gravity takes over and holds them together forming a new nucleolus containing two protons. This means that the nucleus is no longer that of hydrogen but is instead that of helium. During this process a little of the mass of the two hydrogen nuclei will be lost. The great physicist Albert Einstein was mentioned earlier in this document as was his most famous formula E = MC2. The E in this formula stands for energy, while the M stands for mass and the C stands for the speed of light or 3à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½108.This formula shows that there is a direct correlation between energy and mass. As I stated earlier during the fusion of the two hydrogen nuclei a little mass is lost, this is because it is converted into energy. As the formula, shows the amount of mass is multiplied by the speed of light squared or 9à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1016 a massive number. This means that if a tiny amount of mass is lost a massive amount of energy is released, enough to maintain the massive temperatures inside the core of stars. It is this energy that scientists are trying to bring down to earth, in the hope that this will provide a clean energy for future generations. How Fusion is carried out on Earth As you may realise heating hydrogen to temperatures equivalent to those of the core of the sun on earth is a little bit tricky. This is because there are no materials that we have capable of withstanding these temperatures and containing the plasma that would be formed. One way to do this is to surround the hydrogen or lithium hydride with fissionable material and carry out nuclear fission in order to generate heat for the nuclear fusion as is done in Hydrogen bombs. This is however unpractical for the generation of electricity as the power station and the surrounding country would probably no longer exist. So instead physicists have attempted to generate the plasma and use a strong magnetic field to hold it. The plasma itself is heated by a number of powerful lasers, which are able to heat it to near the required temperatures. To date it has however been impossible to sustain this generation of plasma and contain the heat. It has also not been possible to actually generate any energ y from the fusion of the hydrogen atoms.

Benefits of Family Counseling Essay Example for Free

Benefits of Family Counseling Essay This is a very arguable statement, and there are many reasons for it to be. I believe that the reasons for family counseling completely out weight the reasons why some families shouldn’t participate in it. Family counseling is often looked at as a tool to help families with problems, but counseling can be helpful to everyone. Counselors try to help with all scenarios of life, work, school, friends, etc. Even if you are a pretty balanced person you can still get tips from a professional, whether your family has been through a major turmoil, or could simply gain from refining their communication skills with each other. Counseling can be a way to help everyone in a family. Therapy for children as well as parents can help reduce all types of stresses for everyone involved. Major abuses, little arguments, as well as general venting can all be addressed in a calmer, quieter atmosphere. These are just a few reasons why every family should attend counseling. By attending counseling it can help children learn how to deal with tough situations, strengthen communication, and overcome differences. We all have to face obstacles in our lives and some of them can be pretty tough. To teach children, through adolescence to adulthood, skills to deal with tough situations could mean the difference and difficulties in how many college graduates there are, how many overcome poverty, and how families are in a secure loving environment. Teaching youth to face their difficulties instead of running or quitting is highly important, and should be one of the emphasized parts of school. In our society many people think that if things are hard for them, obviously it is not something that they should be doing. I think that with the guidance and some positive reinforcement that people can learn to overcome their difficulties. Being in a new situation or learning new skills is hard and everyone struggles. Because we allow teens to quit, many young adults decide not to attend college. They often feel that since they didn’t do well in high school college would be too difficult. With parents and a professional both helping kids to overcome difficulties at an early age it will instill within them that obstacles are just a part of life that they have to overcome; quitting is not an option. Many times kids learn how to deal with differences from their parents or other people around them. A lot of parents yell and show anger when they are mad at their spouse or their boss, or even their children. Cartoons normally deal with problems through violence and teachers even yell at kids. All of this teaches children that it is okay to act with anger and violence, and that these are solutions to their problems. Then parents get mad at them for mimicking them and their environment, and then what happens? Most of the time parents show more anger, yelling, and sometimes use violence to correct them. With all of this, I believe that it’d be nice to have a professional help parents in order to teach them the proper way of disciplining without aggression, and to help children learn the right way of solving their everyday problems. Communication and discipline problems between parents and children are very common and can lead to marital problems as well. Divorce and the creation of stepfamilies also create difficulties. Often, the partners themselves are the problem because of poor communication, continuous conflict, sexual problems or even in-law problems. If a low income mother and child had counseling how do you think it would affect them? I think that not only would the child benefit from it, but it may even teach the mother what is possible for her: a better job, how to find a stronger more secure relationship, and how to teach her child. The child would learn skills, and by doing so, set goals for future achievements. With the help of a counselor and a well taught mother, the probability of the child may doing crime, selling or using drugs, participating in a gang, or living in prison, is significantly lower. Strengthening communication skills is also important, often time teens can be to out spoken and not think before they say something that can hurt someone feelings. Other times teens can be really shy and not open up to anyone. Communication skills are fundamental, and should be worked on. Communication is a skill that will have to be worked on throughout life because in different environments different communication skills will be needed. The biggest negative about family counseling is the cost. There would probably be families or certain people in the family that did not contribute in the experience, which means that the counseling would have little or no effect on their lives. Another downside is that it is possible in the environment to focus on one person and blame them for certain family problems. I am sure that there are other negatives about family counseling but in my opinion nothing really significant. I think that the government can use add to schooling tax dollars and use some of it for this program. Regardless if all families and all family members use the program to benefit, I think many people Family counseling relates to the narratives in many ways. Some of the families experience a death, others have parents get divorced, or teens getting pregnant and having a baby. I think counseling could help with these major emotional distresses, and also help with the everyday problems that some of the other narratives experience as well. The narrative represent just a few people in our society, but I believe that they, like most people, could use a little more guidance to stay on a stable, successful path with strong relationships and a positive knowing belief in themselves. I think this program should be financially supported from the government. It should become a law in which I think will ultimately preserve our rights and freewill. Laws are being passed all the time that conflict with our constitution and with crime and fear spreading epidemically it’s just a matter of time before most citizens will give the government complete control in order to stop the chaos. The foundation of this country is crumbling and I think it is time to reinforce it, so that we can continue to follow the path of our dreams, and not fall like every great kingdom in the past. I believe to stay as a free country, and a prosperous nation thing have to change, in fact many things will probably have to change. I think my idea of a professional guiding both, parents to raise their kids and to help lead kids to overcome difficulties is a good starting place for a significant change in this country. I think that counseling could help with every family, even if it is just to bring them closer together. Whether it is a stable family, or a family with stepparents and stepsiblings, that need to learn that these people are now someone that is going to always be around, and are in the same situation. They can learn from one another and become close like real family. From family counseling our society maybe better educated, more responsible, less violent, more dependable, and have a stronger sense of belonging. Benefits of Family Counseling. (2018, Oct 24).

Summarizing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Summarizing - Essay Example These two groups arguably will have less to offer by way of industry experience, with possible implications on the perception and reality of the education quality from this revamped educator pool. The key thing is the study is in the culling of the perceptions of existing faculty and the student body tied to how important faculty experience in the industry is. The study findings are said to be relevant with regard to informing school planners and administrators on how best to keep the level of academic rigor high within their programs, with the perceptions being used as inputs in devising hiring programs for educators moving forward (Phelan, Mejia and Hertzman 2013). The study proponents listed down three objectives for the study. One is the determination of the importance faculty place on experience in the industry preceding the teaching phase. Two is the determination of how faculty perceives how important industry experience is to the teaching posts in different disciplines within the hospitality umbrella discipline. Three is the determination how related the industry experience of faculty member is to the importance placed on industry experience prior to the teaching phase (Phelan, Mejia and Hertzman 2013). II. Literature Review The literature review traces the roots of the hospitality field as an academic discipline and as a professional practice to the trainings that were given in the course of employees doing their work in restaurants as well as hotels. This vocational education gave rise to more structured educational programs that soon became full-fledged academic programs. Having its roots in practice, however, the hospitality academic education is seen as benefitting from the experience gained by educators in the field, doing the actual work, and then supplementing the experience with the academic rigor associated with structured educational programs that grant degrees. The problem lies precisely in the perceptions with regard to the lack of experien tial grounding in the industry for some of the academic practitioners and how that lack of experience leads to a disconnect between theory or academics and actual industry experience or practice. The literature review then goes on to examine studies relating to practices to bridge the divide between practice on the one hand and theory on the other, with the emphasis on improving learning outcomes by making sure that educators are properly grounded in substantial experience in the industry (Phelan, Mejia and Hertzman 2013). III. Methodology An online survey of 445 faculty in the hospitality discipline was conducted, with the survey being self-directed and the link to the survey being sent out via emails to the potential respondents, and out of that total population a total of 39.3 percent sent responses via email of their completed surveys. Of the respondents, just 4 percent had no prior industry experience in the hospitality field, and the respondents represented faculty in 18 diffe rent countries, with most of the respondents coming from the United States. The other represented countries in the survey are the following:

Events Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Events Management - Essay Example Event planning is also used within organizations to establish where an organization is at present and where it would like to be in the future, creating strategy and guides as to how to reach goals and objectives (Ivanovic, p 925). Creating a plan will require knowledge of internal and external conditions that may affect any decision that is made. Plans should be seen as directional in nature rather than conclusive and circumstances that may change need to be adapted to. A pestle analysis measures and analyzes factors such as political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal which are extrinsic in nature but are directly related to the success or failure of any industry. By analyzing the industry or event as a whole and producing a picture of all factors we are better able to decide what the future may bring. Event management will and can include many outside factors that will directly affect the planning process. Using a tool such as a pestle analysis will help the planning team identify and plan for all possibilities. Key factors that are identified can be explored and researched and problems can be solved before they occur. Further study can be implemented on key factors by individuals or teams assigned to that area. Depending on the complexity of the event, the event management team may be simple and include one or two individuals or may encompass groups of laborers, volunteers, committees, employees or departments. Recognizing needs will help not only in the planning and implementation of an event but in the budgeting and resource planning of the event as well. All factors noted or suggested in the pestle analysis should be explored and answered fully before the actual event occurrence.Industry trends suggest that it is a suppliers market in Europe and the UK.Whichever event planning model or strategy is used there are many factors that are consistent. Audience identification, advanced problem solving, defining program and budget and deciding on an organizational structure are components of any management plan. Whether it is a small corporate event or large event centered on an annual holiday your clients want to feel individual and as though they are attending something very special. Meetings and conventions where planning has included special amenities and guest allowances are usually those considered more successful than those without. Though events aren’t always planned with the objective or goal of entertaining a client the clients' comfort and satisfaction should always be a factor in your planning.   Whether your event is something for a very small group or a much larger group of individuals each should be treated as exclusive and special.

An Investigation of Role and Importance of Trust in Establishing Literature review

An Investigation of Role and Importance of Trust in Establishing Online retail Relationship in Fashion Sector - Literature review Example Trust is regarded as the chief strategic asset of a firm when it aims to bring about operational changes subjected to market uncertainness (Park and Srinivasan, 1999). It is perceived to be the central constituent in professional relationships. The value and meaning of trust have changed over time, but its intrinsic outcomes remain beneficial. Organizational scholars provide great importance to the issues of trust. The issues are legitimated by the changes in economic exchange relations, organizations forms and social societal structure (Bijlsma and Koopman, 2003). Tom Tyler (1996) had stated that trust factor is imperative for organizational success. Trust existing within the workplaces of an organization helps to create voluntary-corporation among the workers. The performance and productivity level of an organization considerably depends on the extent of cooperation among the workers. Gradual changes in societies and organizations have enhanced the importance of the matters relating to trust (Parker, 2012). Trust is considered as a solution to specific risk-related problems arising between different individuals. Trust within organizations is mandatory for motivating professional associations and driving rapid business imp rovement. Experts are of the opinion that strategic cooperation and collaboration between different firms become easier with the presence of trust between them (Hahn and Kim, 2009). The attitudes of the employees within workplaces are also determined by the same. Employee satisfaction from jobs and their commitment towards work tasks are largely influenced by their trust towards the firm. Brand value of a company in the market is largely dependent on the stakeholder's trust towards the same. Researchers point out that satisfaction derived by the consumers from the consumption of goods or services of a company is directly proportional to their trust towards the same (Winch and Joyce, 2006).

Rising unemployment does not stops the advance of globalisation Essay

Rising unemployment does not stops the advance of globalisation - Essay Example According to Goyal (2006), globalization refers to the integration of the world’s economies through trade, financial flows, and mutual exchanges related to both technology and knowledge. Moreover, it entails free inter- country movement of labour, while, in the developing countries, it entails providing a chance for foreign direct investment through the provision of facilities to foster investment in different economic activities. Prasad, Rogoff, Wei and Kose (2003) contend that globalization has assisted the developing countries to manage the output and consumption volatility in their countries. Therefore, importance of having a diversified global finance offers a chance of offloading their income risk in the world market to develop countries, and the developing counties benefit from international consumption risk sharing, whereby they sell off a stake of domestic output to gain returns from the global output. Unemployment is defined as the situation when people are facing crisis in job opportunities due to the unpredictable nature of economy. This happens despite the fact that people have education background and with eligibility for job they remain being unemployed. There are various types of unemployment, which are differing with the causes in the economy. These different types of unemployment have different effects on people in an economy. Alteration in demand for these goods and services is caused by everyday launching of new products in any particular market; thus, it creates opportunities in certain areas and in the same way reduces job opportunities in other places. The reemployment can only be possible if the workers relocate to other places where there are opportunities and this facilitates globalisation. Unemployment also occurs due to capital-labour substitution, which causes a reduction in demand for labour, and it can also be caused by long run decline in demand in the indust ry; thus, the unemployment increases due to a mismatch between skills and the requirements of the job vacant. Globalization relates to technology, whereby it facilitates the acquisition of technology especially in developing countries. According to UNDP (2007), the significance of technological advancement has a positive influence on the economic growth of developing counties through the increase of productivity of land, labour, capital, reduction of cost of production and improving the quality of outputs. Globalization also offers a chance for developing countries to be internationally competitive depending on the level of technological advancement. In fact, this contributes substantially to the export development and domestic production in the local markets, and it also leads to trade liberalization. However, technological advancement may cause unemployment among developing countries fostered by the globalization, and this becomes a vital element for competitiveness and economic v iability. Increasing unemployment among developing countries has been promoting globalization since people seek employment in other countries leading to interactions that promote globalization. On the other hand, globalization to the developing countries relates to international financing of countercyclical safety net programs that are established in the market economies affected by the crises of global liquidity (Birdsall, 1999). There is a condition that is set out to make the financing appropriate, and it entails solid records of substantial fiscal policy in the countries that are beneficiaries. It also focuses on the political capacity that equates to programs that are free from corruption, hence unwinding them during the crisis and long-run capacity for servicing the resultant external debt. Apparently, all this initiatives are made with a motive of dealing with

The Relationship between Economics and Ethics Literature review

The Relationship between Economics and Ethics - Literature review Example This paper illustrates that ethics resolves the question regarding concepts of human morality which may include justice, good, evil as well as right and wrong among others. Economics, on the other hand, is a social science. It is concerned with economic activities in order to understand the processes that influence production, distribution as well as consumption of goods and services within an economy. It emphasizes on the interactions and behavior of economic agents and how the economy works. The relationships between economics and ethics have an antecedent that can be traced back to the time of Aristotle whose understanding of economics was that it was a practical philosophy of ethics and politics. As such, economics involved skills that are oriented towards wealth creation and politics considered the art usable in this since it will determine what is done to bring about human happiness, ethics. The relationship between ethics and economics can be understood in the context of welfa re theory and social choice. The argument on the good and its subsequent achievement gives the link between ethics and economics. Fundamental elements that link the two are the theorems of value and choice. Theory of value concerns what is good, while the theory of choice is the principal determinant of how that good is come by. That is to imply, the choice of the actions to be taken to achieve the intended objective. According to Teulon, in imposing tax policies, the effect of it is felt both by the citizenry and the government. The government intends to generate more revenue and thus wealth. However, the choices made with regards to how the policy is implemented (the means to the end) will determine the good felt by the people and is thus ethics. Standard economics theory, therefore, will give the manner in which preferences are ordered and their subsequent ends. It, as a result, provides the rational choice that characterizes the government actions. This consequently provides a v aluation framework and how to achieve what is valued, the revenue.

Improving Patient Services Intitiative & Standards in a Community Article

Improving Patient Services Intitiative & Standards in a Community Services Program - Article Example ll not only force an organization to develop and define its quality mission, but also ensure that the processes can be understood and actualized by all involved (Santiago, 1999; Hall et al, 2003). Several studies have shown intervention models that have improved the quality of health care and reduced the health care costs. One is the Total Quality Management (TQM) described as the â€Å"development of an organizational culture which is defined by, and supports, the constant attainment of customer satisfaction through an integrated system of tools, techniques and training† (Sashkin and Kiser, 1993 as mentioned in Walsh, Hughes & Maddox, 2002, p. 299). Since customer satisfaction is the goal of TQM, it should have an in-built culture of continuous improvement by focusing on an organisation’s activities on eradicating the causes of defective products and services which should never reach the customer. Blades (1995) discussed the Baxter Health Care Ltd. model for promoting quality improvement. The model involves coming up with pictorial signs to educate or remind staff of the high quality they need to render. These were initially used as slides for training and then turned to posters. It provides a framework for both analysis and education on quality issues, focusing on the elements of total quality management namely communication; commitment; customer focus and continuous improvement. Piette, Ellis, et al (2002) conducted a study with the purpose of determining the most effective quality of care using the facility’s ethical practices. In the study, constant monitoring and investigation ensure quality outcomes. A leadership council was formed, meeting monthly to discuss and communicate regarding corporate compliance and personnel programs, clinical outcomes reviews, and clinical issues. All committees and councils reported to the Board of Directors on the progress of their project. The study design utilized a clinical practice committee breakdown of the

Explain how demands translates into capacity management, production Essay

Explain how demands translates into capacity management, production scheduling and materials requirements - Essay Example It drives the detailed material planning and capacity management requirements to fulfill the known or forecasted demand. Demand is the factor that contributes to the planning of the entire production cycle for a particular time of year. The production schedule gives a structure to depict as to how the manufacturing process has to be carried out. It plans out the inventory, capacity and staffing requirements for the company based on the projected demand. Based on demand as one of the inputs production schedule creates an output that is utilized for decision making. These outputs include the amount of products to be produced, the staffing quantities, the cushion required etc. This schedule helps the organizations in synchronizing their operations, in becoming more efficient and improving accuracy of company’s manufacturing. It enables the different departments to plan their course of action accordingly based on the schedule. For instance it allows marketing department to make le gitimate delivery commitments to warehouse and to the customers. Based on this demand the company may decide to utilize its existing capacity fully to meet the requirements. The capacity management is done to effectively make the most of the capacity that exists.

Careers in Psychology; Opportunities in a Changing World Essay Example for Free

Careers in Psychology; Opportunities in a Changing World Essay It is usually very vital for one to consider the choice of their career path very carefully. One should consider his or her interests in the career, the job market as well as their education qualifications. It is equally important for one to carefully examine the merits and demerits that come with each career option. This is the sole reason why career talks have become part of the school curriculum in many countries in the world. This paper will analyze three case studies of individuals who are about to complete their Bachelor’s Degrees in Psychology, after which it will critically analyze the options the three cases have laid on the table by analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of each. Denise is considering a couple of options; Master of Arts/ Master of Science in Clinical Psychology Master of Arts/ Master of Science in Counseling Psychology Master of Education in Counseling Psychology Master of Social Work Master of Science in Pastoral Counseling Master of Science in Counseling. Important to note is where the interests of Denise lie. She has an interest in reading research materials or findings related to children, however this interest is not that much. Denise is also not very interested in doing research work. Considering the fact that Denise has a passion in desire to counsel youth and children is not enough when deciding to choose the next degree program the best option for Denise would be a Master’s Degree in Pastoral Counseling. The merits of this program are that it is in all ways related to the interests of Denise. It would give Denise the best opportunity to counsel youth and children. The degree does not require a lot of research work, rather it r equires more of reading research work. This would by all means be the best for Denise. However, a Master’s Degree in Pastoral Counseling would be tricky if matters of spiritual faith are put in consideration. It is not clear where her faith lies. It would be unbeatably the best if her spiritual faith lies along the pastoral line, or if she had pursued a degree in theology. CITATION Tar12 l 1033 (Kuther, 2012)A Master’s Degree in Clinical Psychology would be advantageous in the sense that it has a wide job market and it is in line with the passion of Denise. However, this degree would not be the best for Denise since it requires a lot of research, which Denise is not very good at. Another disadvantage of this is that it would not limit her exactly to youth and children the way she would like it, older people have psychological problems as well. A Master of Science in Counseling Psychology would also not be advisable for Denise. This degree, just like the one in Clinical Psychology would require a lot of research work. Denise does not like research work and it would be very difficult for her to excel in this program. However, it could be really advantageous in the sense that it requires reading research materials and this is one major stronghold for Denise. A Master Degree in Clinical Psychology would have the same limitations as a Master Degree in Counseling Psychology. However, she loves reading research materials on youth and children. This would favor her in the case that she chose this career path. This leaves the best option for Denise as a Master Degree in Pastoral Psychology. CITATION Rob07 l 1033 (Sternberg, 2007)It would be very difficult for Raul to change what he wanted to do all his life to something else. However, the policy when choosing career paths is always no mistakes. This is when the purpose of internship comes out very clearly. All his life, Raul has been interested in counseling psychology or clinical psychology. He should be very careful when making a choice for the nest career step. This is owing to the fact that for one to excel in a certain career path, he or she ought to have the desire and passion for it. Passion does not just grow within a day and Raul does not have much time to make a decision. However, the volunteer work that he did in the psychiatric clinic seems to have helped him a great deal. The interview that he had with counselors and psychologists seems to have opened his eyes to the real career world. It is very important for Raul to make a decision before it is late since he is about to graduate from school. The interests of Raul are very important is deciding his career path. The fact that he has a wife and children makes it very necessary for him to take a career path that would help him a great deal financially. The best option for Raul in his career path would be to pursue a Master’s Degree in Counseling Psychology. This is owing to the fact that he has interests in researc h which is very vital to the program. Moreover, counseling would give him a wider job market and would therefore sustain him financially. CITATION Don08 l 1033 (Super, 2008)Having been in the cooperate world is indeed a milestone for John in the career world. As much as he was laid off, he is way ahead of a number of individuals. His experience in the cooperate world must have equipped him with a number of skills that will help him a great deal I n future. This is considering the fact that he would love to integrate his career path of psychology with business. For instance, one of the options that John is laying on the table is Industrial Organizational Psychology. I could not agree more with John on this one. Industrial Psychology would indeed be a very good way for John to combine what he learnt in the cooperate world together with Psychology. However, John should always keep in mind that this is a competitive world. The field of Industrial Psychology is just one of the fields tha t experience a lot of competition when it comes to pursuing a graduate program in the field. However, the best advice for John would be to first of all take a professional course that is related to business or rather the cooperate world. Such courses include Business Management, Business Administration, Marketing or even Certified Public Accounting (CPA). In this way, he would be able to prove his skills in the cooperate world, not just by word of mouth or experience but by Certified Professional Courses. This, together with a Bachelor’s Degree in Psychology would raise his bar much higher. Having done any of these professional courses, John would not only be fit to pursue Industrial or Organizational Psychology but he would also be able to compete with other individuals. CITATION Tho05 l 1033 (Wadsworth, 2005) References l 1033 Helms, J. L. (2011). Majoring in Psychology. New York : New York University Press. Kuther, T. (2012). Careers in Psychology; Opprtumities in a Changing World. New York: New York University Press. Sternberg, R. J. (2007). Career Paths in Psychology. Oxford University Press. Super, D. (2008). Opportunities in Psychology Careers. Oxford University Press. Wadsworth, T. (2005). Your Career in Psychology; Industrial /Organizational Psychology. New York: New York University Press. Source document

The Effects of Punishment and Sentencing Essay Example for Free

The Effects of Punishment and Sentencing Essay When a defendant is sentenced, there are philosophical reasons behind this sentencing. The four basic reasons are rehabilitation, deterrence, retribution, and incapacitation. Because this process is sensitive, guidelines have been made to ensure that presumptive sentences are mandatory. Rehabilitation is considered one of the most humane goal of punishment. There are different ways a judge can impose a rehabilitation sentence. For example, a young woman is arrested for public drunkenness. The judge could sentence the young woman to 10 days in jail or reprimand her to a 28-day program for the alcohol charge. The second philosophical reason for sentencing is deterrence. To deter is to encourage something through fear. In this case, if you fear losing your freedom, one is encouraged to obey the law. Deterrence not only looks for retribution but also looks to punish the defendant to a point whereas they would not have a desire to commit another crime. Deterrence can take two forms, general and specific. The general deterrence punishes the criminal, dissuading them from committing the same crime. The specific deterrence expects that a harsh sentencing will prevent the offender from committing any future activity. There are some questions regarding general deterrence. Because it assumes that, a person will commit a crime after rationalizing the pros and cons. This theory proves to be false with adolescences. Incapacitation is another amongst the four philosophies. This form of punishment is not interested in providing resources to eliminate criminal activity. This form wants to incarcerate the defendant and keep them that way for as long as possible. This is one way to ensure that the defendant is not committing any crimes. However, studies have shown that once released, an offender is more likely to commit a crime than before they were incarcerated. Finally yet importantly is retribution. This philosophy states that if a person commits a crime than he or she should be punished based on the degree  of the crime. This relies on the principle of just deserts which says that a criminal deserves to be punished. Retribution is not the same as revenge it is a way of paying society back. Sentencing is not an easy task for a judge, but legislative laws have made it a little easier. Legislatures are responsible for determining the length of the sentence as they are for making the law. They have also created penal codes as a guideline; one of them is to determinate sentencing. If the defendant is sentenced to one year in jail then that defendant must do a year minus the good time. As an example, a defendant is sentenced to a year but may only have to do eight months based on their good behavior. Indeterminate sentencing sets a minimum and a maximum amount of time that a criminal must serve. For instance if a defendant was sentenced to 10 15 years, he or she would have to serve at least 10 years, before being considered for parole. Legislatures have passed the truth in sentence law as well. It requires that serious crime offenders must complete 85% of their sentence, without good time conditions. The final decision is based on the judge. The primary factor is the behavior of the defendant and or the severity of the crime. There are circumstances as expected, this is why there are two rules, and they are aggravating and mitigating. A harsh sentence can be ruled under aggravating circumstances or a lesser one can be ruled if the circumstances are mitigating. A judge considers other factors as well regarding the sentence guideline such as mandatory sentence and habitual offender laws. Mandatory sentence states that a judge must not deviate from setting form standards. The habitual offender law states if a person commits a felony, their 3rd time for sentencing should be harsh. Debates surrounding capital punishment have advocates stating they just want criminals to be punished based in their crimes (just desert). While those who oppose say, their method is just an act of revenge. Nuechterlein (2000) describes vengeance as punishment inflicted in retaliation for an injury or  offense, he says if you consider that, any punishment towards a crime constitutes as vengeance. I do not agree with this authors concept; however, I understand his point of view. The other article that I viewed opposed the death penalty. The authors pointed out the methods used for capital punishment are cruel and unusual and violate the Eight Amendment. Kaverny (2008) cruel and unusual punishment satisfies the desire for private vengeance. We are all inclined to evaluate harms to ourselves and our loved ones are more deserving of a punishment, than injury to others. This debate influences decisions for punishment because many states believe that if they continue to hand out the death penalty, crime will decrease. References Kaveny, C. (Feb 15, 2008). Justice or vengeance: is the death penalty cruel unusual? (Columnist) (Essay). Commonweal. 135.3 9(1). Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Retrieved April 27, 2009, from Apollo library http://galegroup.comNuechterlein, J. (2000). Capital Punishment Deserves Caution Support Current Controversies: Capital Punishment. Greenhaven press. Opposing Viewpoints Center. Retrieved April 27, 2009 from Apollo library http://galegroup.com

Market Segmentation and Consumer Buying Behaviour

Market Segmentation and Consumer Buying Behaviour Market segmentation is the division of the market into segments which a specific group of people help to require all that the consumers need. The Geographic,Psycho-graphic and life-style,Behavioural and Demographic which is the most important basic of segmentation are the four types and basics characteristics that market segmentation is based on. Also the consumer behaviour is the positive or negative reaction for the products of the marketing. Introduction Market segmentation is the divide of the market into sections, like an orange, in which all segments are linked but every segment has its own shape. The companies can be international by making foreign purchases, like British consumers buy Italian dresses and shoes. Market segments also, are an important part of marketing because a market consists of customers with similar needs and for each market segment there is a different marketing plan. MARKET SEGMENTATION A product is targeting a specific group of customers or a marketing mix of market segments. It is the companys responsibility to ensure that the product satisfy the needs of the customers in that target group. Every market segment can transfer a target market for an obstinate, and could require a special marketing mix if the firm is to use it successfully. As the companies know, segmentation allows for fast response of changing market requirements, improved analysis of competition and to efficient strategic planning. The purpose of segmentation is to find the ideal set of needs and behaviour of the targeted customer. The basis for segmenting markets depends for the five several ways in which a market can be segmented: Geographic This is the segmentation where the market is divided into groups based on where they live or where the customers are located. Do they live in the countryside or in a big city? Demographic Demographic segmentation is the most basic and the most popular type of segmentation. The groups of customers are chosen based on the following criteria: Age: the broad groups who may because of their age show distinct purchase behaviours. Is she/he a child? A teen? An infant?Is this product appropriate for our costumers age? Gender: Different sex of human. Is our customer a female or male and the product is made for men or for women or both? Life-cycle stage: Young, old, single, married, occupation, number of children. Social class: social class is an important one because these groupings seem to give reliable indicators of separate consumer mental state and needs .What is the social status of our consumer? Are they poor or rich? Life-style: Differences by character of a person, behaviour, habits, opinions and interests. For example women dresses is a product that is marketed based on demographic segmentation. The cause for this product is that it is made for women and the marketing mix is made up of groups of women of different ages. Another and particular example is the advertisement for the perfume The One by Dolce and Gabana. This perfume is very classy and fantastic and 4 when the women wear this perfume feel like a star and a true diva! You can find it in fashion magazines and this is due to the fact that it has a good price and is not very expensive and hence every woman can buy it. Psycho-graphic The way in which the customers react Behavioural Economic and social characteristics of the customers. Do they find the product good or bad? How do people behave? CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOUR Consumer behaviour is the positive or negative response for the products of the marketing when they like or dislike the product and if they pleased or displeased with that product. Consumer all the time has many motivations and this is the serious reason that is a payer and a buyer . The consumer needs to be completely happy and satisfied with the old and new requirements. At the same time all shoppers to complete their needs,without to realize they take a risk for dissadisfaction when buying a product,so must be carefully and to be sure that the product is safe. The consumers must to be alive because is the most important key for each company to live and success. Without consumers the companies can not handle their business and lose their jobs. The suppliers have to find a nice way to keep the consumers satisfied and want to buy again and again for the same supplier the products and to say to friends, a related good impressions to buy from the supplier. Allegiance customers are the people that they will help and give suggestions to the suppliers when they will have many problems and not really good and easy times at the company. Also can help the company to be more higher and improved the goodwill for the supplier organisations version. Certainly the essential part of the solution between loyalty and current consumers is more serious and important from the banks. Some of the private effects on consumers behaviour is the personality. Personality : each human has her/his own and separate way to think and have her/his personality. Is an inclusive idea which contains characteristics and calculate how the person appreciate to his/her to conditions and would be capable to know to sign in own behaviour. References Internet websites: http://www.themarketingprocessco.com/marketing/market%20segmentation/market_segmentation.htm http://www.bizrate.co.uk/perfumeandcologne/oid511115165.html BOOKS: The Chartered Institute of Bankers, (1996) Strategic Marketing Management, London. Wilkison, R. , Curtis, B. , Curtis, S. , Jones, C. , Morgan, B. , Norman, J. and Sykes,G. (1994) Business Studies an introduction to management and business studies , Meinemann Publisher Ltd. , Oxford. 9 Bibliography http://www.learnmarketing.net/consumer.htm http://www.kowthis.com/principles-of-marketing-tutorials/consumer-buying-behavior/

Comparing Fate in Virgils Aeneid and Homers Iliad :: comparison compare contrast essays

Fate in Virgil's Aeneid and Homer's Iliad      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Virgil's Aeneid and Homer's Iliad, a picture of the supernatural and its workings was created.   In both works, there is a concept of a fixed order of events which is called fate.   Fate involves two parts.   First, there are laws that govern certain parts of mens' lives, such as human mortality and an afterlife.   Second, fate deals with the inevitable outcome of certain events, outcomes that cannot be changed by men or gods.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Both Homer and Virgil allude to the existence of unchangeable laws, one of which is the mortality of human beings.   This can be seen by the fact that character after character dies during war.   In Virgil's Aeneid, Aeneas journeys to Hades to visit his father.   During his stay, he talks to a large number of the warriors that have died in the Trojan War.   The death of these warriors shows the mortality of human beings (Forman 2015).   Another unchangeable law is the period of limbo that is said to await the souls of the unburied after death. Homer indicates this law by writing of Patroklos' spirit's return to remind Achilles that, until he has been properly buried, he must wander the earth. These events show Virgil's and Homer's belief in laws that cannot be changed (Strong 62).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second element of Fate deals with the unalterable predestined occurrence of certain events.   One example of such an event is the fall of Troy. According to Homer, the destruction of Troy was foretold in Hekuba's dream that her son, Paris, would be the cause.   This prophecy was confirmed by a seer. Although Hekuba tried to avert the disaster by attempting to have Paris killed, fate overcame and Troy was destroyed as a result of Paris' judgment concerning the golden apple of discord (Strong 15-16).   Virgil also writes about a similar situation when Venus pleads with Jupiter to help Aeneas with his journey.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Meanwhile, on Olympus, Venus, the mother of Aeneas, berates Jupiter for allowing her son to be persecuted in such a manner.   Jupiter calms her and reminds her of the many prophecies concerning her son and his progeny: how he will found the city of Lavinium in Latium and win a great war; how his son

A Room of Ones Own by Virginia Woolf Essay -- Virginia Woolf Essays

Virginia Woolf, a founder of Modernism, is one of the most important woman writers. Her essays and novels provide an insight into her life experiences and those of women of the 20th century. Her most famous works include Mrs. Dalloway (1925), To the Lighthouse (1927), Orlando: A Biography (1928), The Waves (1931), and A Room of One's Own (1929) (Roseman 11). A Room of One's Own is an based on Woolf's lectures at a women's college at Cambridge University in 1928. Woolf bases her thoughts on "the question of women and fiction". In the essay, Woolf asks herself the question if a woman could create art that compares to the quality of Shakespeare. Therefore, she examines women's historical experience and the struggle of the woman artist. A Room of One's Own explores the history of women in literature through an investigation of the social and material conditions required for writing. Leisure time, privacy, and financial independence, are important to understanding the situation of women in the literary tradition because women, historically, have been deprived of those basics (Roseman 14). The setting of A Room of One's Own is that Woolf has been invited to lecture on the topic of Women and Fiction. Her thesis is that "a woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction (Woolf 4)." She creates the character of an imaginary narrator, "call me Mary Beton, Mary Seton, Mary Carmichael or by any name you please, it is not a matter of any importance." The "I" who narrates the story is not Woolf, yet her experiences and thoughts provide the background for Woolf's thesis. The narrator begins her search going over the different educational experiences available to men and women and the more material ... ...s, 1882-1942. v.: ill.; 28 cm. Semiannual. Issue no. 33, 32, 1989. Vol. 1, no. 1, 1973; no.2, 1974. California State College, Sonoma, Dept. of English. Roseman, Ellen. A Room of One's Own: Women Writers and the Politics of Creativity. Twayne Publishing, Inc., New York, 1995. Woolf, Virginia. A Room of One's Own. Orlando: Harcourt, 2005. Print. Internet Sources Consulted Brooks, Rebecca B. â€Å"Timeline of Virginia Woolf’s Life.† The Virginia Woolf Blog. N.p., 19 Feb. 2012. Web. 14 Apr. 2015. . Burt, John. â€Å"Irreconcilable Habits of Thought in A Room of One’s Own and to The Lighthouse.† ELH 49.4 (1982): 889-907. JSTOR. Web. 14 Apr. 2015. Rodriguez, Lara Ma Lojo. â€Å""A New Tradition†: Virginia Woolf and the Personal Essay.â€Å"Atlantis 23.1 (2001): 75-90. JSTOR. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.

Ethnics and Heritage Destroyed George in Gloria Naylor’s Mama Day :: Gloria Naylor Mama Day Essays

Ethnics and Heritage Destroyed George in Gloria Naylor’s Mama Day It has been said before that opposites attract when it comes to love. In Gloria Naylor’s Mama Day, two people who would seemingly never end up together somehow find a way to form a relationship that eventually leads to a marriage. George and Cocoa, the two lovers featured in this book, come from backgrounds that could not be more unlike the other. How they end up falling in love is close to a miracle, but because of their huge difference in background, they bring to each other what they wish they could have in themselves. While George is a man who comes from the diverse and strictly governed big city atmosphere of New York, Ophelia is a woman who was raised on the island of Willow Springs which is inhabited by descendants of slaves and is subject to racism and disregard for normal conduct in society. New York is a place where science and facts control the decisions of life; Willow Springs has many rituals based on magic and superstition. Because the two locations are so incre dibly opposite from one another, it is difficult for George to believe in anything that Cocoa was raised on. However, in order for George to get Mama Day’s approval, he must believe and understand magic as it exists in Willow Springs both in its physical form and as a form of belief. The biggest influence of magic on the island of Willow Springs is Mama Day. A descendant of the legendary Sapphira Wade, Mama Day is said to have convinced her master to give the land that is Willow Springs to the slaves, for which she â€Å"†¦bore him seven sons in less than a thousand days, to put a dagger through his kidney and escape the hangman’ noose, laughing in a burst of flames.† (Naylor 3) The influence of Sapphira’s magic is carried over into Mama Day, as it is said that she could, â€Å"†¦walk through a lighting storm without being touched; grab a bolt of lightning in her hand; use the heat of lightning to start the kindling going under the medicine pot.† (Naylor 3) For a rational minded person like George, this and some of the other traditions can be hard to accept. One such example of George’s ideas of normal human behavior clashing with Mama Day’s occurs when Mama Day and Grandmother Abigail give the married couple a quilt made entirely of articles of clothing from past generations.

Opportunity Is the Key to Success

First of all I feel very happy that we both sides have grasped the opportunity to realize our same goal. That is to win! That is to succeed! We believe opportunity is the key to success. Let me give a definition to words â€Å"opportunity† and â€Å"key† here. Opportunity here only refers to one that we disover, seize and take advantage of. Key is a way to solve a problem. Every lock has a key. Success is a lock that requires several keys to work together. Only when all these keys are equipped, success is achieved. Opportunity is definitely one of these keys. Firstly, Opportunity serves as a starter on the road to success. If one wants to make a difference in a specific area, he should first be given the opportunity to do it. A person, born without legs, can never be the champion of a long distance running, even in special games. A child, who cannot afford to go to school, will never be the top student in class. Secondly, opportunity favors only the prepared. We are here to emphasis the crucial importance of opportunity. That does not mean we are to discount the significance of other keys to success. They are equal of weight. All are indispensible. Preparation, like our endeavor, our efforts, all lays a foundation to reach the opportunity. Thirdly, Man proposes and god disposes. Opportunity is essential when one is qualified. Discovered by Bo Le, Red-rabbit Horse is lucky enough to be the most well-known swift house; Thanks to the eastwind, Zhou Yu won the Chibi Battle;Coming across the invention of the Internet, Google becomes global business giant. If it were not for the opportunities they meet, seize, and take advantage of, Red-rabbit horse would just be a normal house, Zhouyu would doom to lose the battle, and Google would never come into existance. On the road to success, without opportunity is like fish without water,birds without wings, clock without hands, lock() without key. Opportunity is the key to success. Let us find opportunity for ourselves, seize opportunity by ourselves, and create opportunity of ourselves!

Case Study of Fdi in India vs China

A project ReportOnCASE STUDY OF FDI IN INDIA VS CHINASubmitted toMrs. Smita KashiramkaByRamya Singh2010B3A2613PIn Fulfilment ofStudy oriented ProjectBIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, PILANI30th November 2012| | | | | | | Abstract The report begins with the FDI definition and FDI reference with respect to India and its sect-oral and regional comparisons. This report undertakes a comparative analysis of the foreign direct investment (FDI) flowing from the multinational corporations (MNCs) into China and India.Examining the prevailing investment climate to account for the differences in FDI between the two countries and finally suggest some recommendations for India to achieve higher FDI. A review of Mckinsey report on India’s economic performance and growth potential has been done at the end of the report. Acknowledgements A Study oriented project is a golden opportunity for learning and self development. I consider myself very lucky and honoured to have been able to ge t this opportunity of doing such a project. My grateful thanks to Mrs.Smita Kashiramka mam who in spite of being extraordinarily busy with her duties, took time out to hear, guide and keep me on the correct path. I do not know where I would have been without her. Ramya Singh ID- 2010B3A2613P Table of Contents- 1. Introduction 2. 1. FDI definition 2. 2. Benefits of FDI 2. 3. FII’s 2. FDI Routes to India 3. 4. Forbidden territories 3. 5. Forms of FDI Investment 3. 6. Automatic Route 3. 7. Government approved Route 3. Amendments in FDI and Industrial Policies 4. 8. FEMA 4. 9. FIIA 4. Status of FDI in India 5. Round Tripping of FDI to China 6. Directional comparison of FDI in India and China . Recommendations for improving FDI to India 8. FDI in Retail 9. Review of Mckinsey Report of FDI in India 10. Conclusion 11. References 1. INTRODUCTION Background The official statistics of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in China and India exhibits a remarkable discrepancy that cons equently establishes the unmatched superiority of China in attracting FDI inflows. China ventured into the path of liberalization in 1979 by gradually liberalizing and opening up its economy. Removal of restrictions on inward FDI has figured out to be one of the prominent features in the Chinese reforms.China has indeed achieved remarkable success in FDI since it formally opened its door to FDI with the passage of the â€Å"Law of People’s Republic of China on Joint Ventures using Chinese and Foreign Investment† in 1979. By virtually having their non-state sector (counterpart of India’s private sector) run on free market principles and setting up large special economic zones, encouraging competition among Chinese provinces to attract FDI, offering substantial tax concessions, permitting the leasing of land and property, introducing overnment guarantees for investment and special arrangements regarding retention and repatriation of foreign exchange, China has bee n able to attract significant sums of FDI inflows. India, the only developing country of size and diversity of industrial base comparable to China, has also adopted a similar path of liberalization since 1991, by slowly shedding its FDI restrictions and allowing FDI through automatic route barring a few strategic industries of security concern .It is important to note that in 1997, India had joined the band of the top ten developing country recipients of FDI flows, whereas China had already acquired prominent positions at least since 1991. UNCTAD’s ranking of countries based on FDI relative to the size of the economy was 121 for India and 61 for China for the period 1988 to 1990. The corresponding figures for 1998-2000 are 119 and 47 respectively. While India has improved marginally, China reveals a huge success in terms of FDI ranking In 2002, the A. T. Kearney survey also found that China outranked the U.S. as the most attractive destination for FDI. The importance of FDI t o China is readily apparent. These discrepancies in the relative FDI attracting capabilities of India and China raise some important fundamental questions about the actual FDI potential of India. Can India possibly become an FDI destination as attractive as China?. The Report addresses this question at large. 1. 1 Definition of ‘Foreign Direct Investment – FDI' FDI refers to an investment made to acquire lasting interest in enterprises operating outside of the economy of the investor.Further, in cases of FDI, the investor? s purpose is to gain an effective voice in the management of the enterprise. Components of FDI- The components of FDI are equity capital, reinvested earnings and other capital (mainly intra-company loans). As countries do not always collect data for each of those components, reported data on FDI are not fully comparable across countries. In particular, data on reinvested earnings, the collection of which depends on company surveys, are often unreporte d by many countries. – United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)Foreign investment refers to investments made by the residents of a country in the financial assets and production processes of another country. It can come in two forms: Foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign institutional investment (FII). FDI or Foreign Direct Investment is an investment that a parent company makes in a foreign country. FDI brings in capital but also helps in good governance practices and better management skills and advanced technology infusion. But, FII or Foreign Institutional Investor is an investment made by an investor in the markets of a foreign nation.Foreign Institutional Investment is also known as hot money as the investors have the liberty to sell it and take it back. The FII investment flows only into the secondary market. It helps in increasing capital availability. Objective of the Study:- a) To analyze the pattern and direction of FDI flow in India. b) To identify factors those are responsible for comparatively lesser flow of FDI to India c) To identify reasons for regional imbalances in terms of flow of FDI. d) To review FDI policy of India e) To address various issue and concern relating to FDI. f) To make policy recommendation to improve the level of FDI.Nature and Source of Data:- The relevant data are collected from papers published(sources mentioned in the last)various sites of Government of India, Reserve Bank of India and Mckinsey report published by Mckinsey global institute, papers published etc. Other references have been mentioned at the end of the report. 1. 2 Benefits of FDI to the host country- * FDI not only brings in capital but also helps in good governance practices and better management skills and even technology transfer. Export market gets a boost due to this and consequently lesser import dependence.Foreign Investors invest in social, economic infrastructure, financial markets and marketing system help the dev eloping nations on the path of industrialization and modernization. Demand for various inputs give rise to development of the supplying industries, generating income, leading to a spur in the production process and a better living standard of the people employed in these industries. Quality products are available to the consumers at low prices. Foreign investment serves as boon to the government by bringing demand for various inputs giving rise to development of the supplying industries. . 3 FII's- Generate Enhanced flows of equity capital, improving capital markets, include reduced cost of capital, imparting stability to India's balance of payments, institutionalizing the market, improving market efficiency and strengthening corporate governance. 1. Foreign direct investment- the Indian scenario 2. 1 Forbidden Territories – FDI is not permitted in the following industrial sectors: †¢Arms and ammunition. †¢Atomic Energy. †¢Railway Transport. †¢Coal and lig nite. †¢ Mining of iron, manganese †¢Gambling and Betting †¢Business of chit fund †¢Trading in Transferable Development Rights (TDRs). Activity/sector not opened to private sector investment. 2. 2 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is permitted as under the following forms of Investments – †¢Through financial collaborations. †¢Through joint ventures and technical collaborations. †¢Through capital markets via Euro issues. †¢Through private placements or preferential allotments. * Through financial collaborations-â€Å"Foreign collaboration includes ongoing business activities of sharing information related to financing, technology, engineering, management, consultancy, logistics, marketing, etc. which are generally, offered by a non-resident (foreign) entity to a resident (domestic or native) entity in exchange of cheap skilled and semi-skilled labour, inexpensive high-quality raw-materials, low cost hi-tech infrastructure facilities, stra tegic (favourable) geographic location, with an approval (permission) from a governmental authority like the ministry of finance of a resident country. †The examples of foreign collaboration between an Indian and abroad entity: * ICICI Lombard GIC (General Insurance Company) Limited is a financial foreign collaboration between ICICI Bank Ltd. India and Fairfax Financial Holdings Ltd. , Canada. * ING Visa Bank Ltd. is a financial foreign collaboration formed between ING Group from Netherlands and Visa Bank from India. * Tata DOCOMO is a technical foreign collaboration between Tata Teleservices from India and NTT Decoma, Inc. from Japan. * Through joint ventures and technical collaborations-A joint venture is a new enterprise owned by two or more participants. Joint ventures are formed with several motives:- The main motive is to share the risks.A small firm with a new product idea that involves high risk and requires relatively large amounts of investment capital may form a joi nt venture with a large firm. A foreign company can invest in an Indian company through a joint venture agreement in the areas which are otherwise not reserved exclusively for the public sector or which are not under the prohibited categories such as real estate etc. For such foreign investments into India, a two tier approval mechanism has been provided. * Through capital markets via Euro issues- Foreign Investment through GDRs (GLOBAL DEPOSITORY RECEIPTS) – Indian companies are allowed to raise equity capital in the international market through the issue of Global Depository Receipt (GDRs). GDR investments are treated as FDI and are designated in dollars. * Use of GDRs –The proceeds of the GDRs can be used for financing capital goods imports, capital expenditure including domestic purchase/installation of plant, equipment and building and investment in software development, prepayment or scheduled repayment of earlier external borrowings. Investment in stock markets and real estate will not be permitted. FDI comes through ) Automatic route and b) Govt. approval route. 2. 4 Automatic route- Under the RBI’s Automatic Route, the Indian companies can issue shares up to prescribed percentage to person’s resident outside India without obtaining prior Permission either of the Government or RBI. These companies must be engaged in the Permissible activities under the FEMA. Companies engaged in manufacture of items, Reserved for SSI sector or those manufacturing items requiring industrial license or engaged in areas such as, defence, atomic energy or aerospace will not be able to avail of The Automatic Route.In terms of the guidelines issued in February 2000 and subsequent amendments, except in certain circumstances, foreign investment by way of issue of shares/convertible Debentures by Indian companies can be made in India under the Automatic Route without Any approval from the Government of India or the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). In the Circumstances where the Automatic Route is not applicable, the foreign investor or the Indian company seeking foreign investment would require the approval of the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB).FIPB is a competent body to consider and recommend foreign direct investment (FDI), which do not come under the automatic route. 2. 4 Government approved route- Indian companies may want to issue shares to foreign citizens and companies Incorporated outside India under sectors not allowed under the Automatic route or any other general/special permissions. In such cases, it will be necessary to Apply to the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB).Foreign Direct Investment in India is allowed on automatic route in almost all sectors except –Proposals that require an industrial license and cases where foreign investment is more than 24% in the equity capital of units manufacturing items reserved for the small scale industries,  For transfer of ownership or control of India n companies  in sectors with caps from resident Indian citizens to non-resident entities, Government approval/FIPB approval would be required in all cases where: The ownership or control of an existing Indian company (currently owned or controlled by resident Indian itizens and/or Indian companies, which are owned or controlled by resident Indian citizens) will be/is being transferred/passed on to a non-resident entity as a consequence of transfer of shares and/or fresh issue of shares to non-resident entities through amalgamation, merger/demerger, acquisition etc, where a foreign investor has an existing joint venture/ technology transfer/ trademark  agreement in the ‘same field', prior to January 12, 2005, the proposal for fresh investment/technology transfer/technology collaboration/trademark agreement in a new joint venture for technology transfer/ technology collaboration/trademark agreement would have to be under the Government approval route through FIPB/ Project Ap proval Board Proposals falling outside notified sect oral policy/caps or under sectors in which FDI is not permitted and whenever any investor chooses to make an application to the Foreign Investment Promotion Board and not to avail of the automatic route. * Industrial Approvals/clearances- For starting a new project, a number of industrial approvals/clearances are required from different authorities such as Pollution Control Board, Chief Inspector of Factories, Electricity Board, Municipal Corporations, etc. * Labour Rules/Regulations- Under the Constitution of India, Labour is a subject in the Concurrent List where both the Central & State Governments are competent to enact legislation.Some of the important Labour Acts, which are applicable for carrying out business in India are – Employees’ Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952; Employees’ State Insurance Act, 1948; Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923; Maternity Benefit Act, 1961; Factorie s Act, 1948; Minimum Wages Act; Payment of Wages Act, 1936. * Taxation in India- Foreign nationals working in India are generally taxed only on their Indian income. Income received from sources outside India is not taxable unless it is received in India. Company taxation – Foreign companies are subject to a maximum tax of 40% on its net profits. The effective tax rate for domestic companies is 36. 75% while the profits of branches in India of foreign companies are taxed at 40%. Companies incorporated in India even with 100% foreign ownership, are considered domestic companies under the Indian laws. 3.Amendments- in the FDI and Industrial Policies 3. 1 FEMA (Foreign Exchange Management Act)- The Foreign Exchange Management Act (1999) or in short FEMA has been introduced as a replacement for earlier Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA). FEMA was introduced because the FERA didn’t fit in with post-liberalization policies. A significant change that the FEMA brought with it was that it made all offenses regarding foreign exchange civil offenses, as opposed to criminal offenses as dictated by FERA. When a business enterprise imports goods from other countries, exports its products to them or makes investments abroad, it deals in foreign exchange.Foreign exchange means ‘foreign currency' and includes deposits, credits and balances payable in any foreign currency. It was a criminal legislation which meant that its violation would lead to imprisonment and payment of heavy fine. It had many restrictive clauses which deterred foreign investments. FEMA emerged as an investor friendly legislation which is purely a civil legislation in the sense that its violation implies only payment of monetary penalties and fines. 3. 2 Foreign Investment Implementation Authority (FIIA) Government of India has set up Foreign Investment Implementation Authority (FIIA) to facilitate quick translation of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) approvals into implementation.FIIA is assisted by Fast Track Committee (FTC), which have been established in 30 Ministries/Departments of Government of India for monitoring and resolution of difficulties for sector specific projects. Role of Foreign Investment Implementation Authority (FIIA) To understand and solve the problems of the investors , understand and solve the problems of the approving authorities, refer to the cases that has not been resolved at the level of FIIA to the agencies at the higher levels, and to start consultations with multiple agencies. Changes in FDI policy in Single Brand retail trading:- The policy regarding Single Brand retail trading has been liberalized and now FDI up to 100 percent is permitted under the Government route.Policy for FDI in Commodity Exchanges:- Foreign institutional investors (FIIs) can now invest up to 23 percent in commodity exchanges without seeking prior approval of the government. However, FDI will continue to need the approval of the FIPB DTAA (DOUBLE TAX AVOIDA NCE AGREEMENT) WITH MAURITIUS- According to the tax treaty between India and Mauritius, capital gains arising from the sale of shares are taxable in the country of residence of the shareholder and not in the country of residence of the company whose shares have been sold. Therefore, a company resident in Mauritius selling shares of an Indian company will not pay tax in India. 4. Status of FDI in IndiaVarious studies have projected India among the top 5 favoured destination for FDI. Cumulative FDI equity inflows has been Rs. 5, 54,270 core (1, 27,460 Million US$) for The period 1991-2009. This is attributed to contribution from service sector, computer Software, telecommunication, real estate etc. India’s 83% of cumulative FDI is Contributed by nine countries while remaining 17 per cent by rest of the world. Country-wise, FDI inflows to India are dominated by Mauritius (44 percent), followed by the Singapore (9 per cent), United States (8 percent) and UK (4 percent) Countries like Singapore, USA, and UK etc. invest in India mainly in service, power, telecommunication, fuels, electric equipments, food processing sector.Though India has observed a remarkable rise in the flow of FDI over the last few years, it receives comparatively much lesser FDI than China. Even smaller economies in Asia such as Hong Kong, Mauritius receive much than India in terms of FDI inflows. This is largely due to India’s economic policy of protecting domestic enterprise compared to above mentioned Newly Industrialized Asian Economies. Country-wise, FDI inflows to India are dominated by Mauritius (44 percent), followed By the Singapore (9 per cent), United States (8 percent) and UK (4 percent). the share of Mauritius is the highest due to the double taxation avoidance treaty with Mauritius. (Comparing India and China)Source: UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2009; Net FDI Inflow= Inward FDI flow Minus Outward FDI Flow . FDI stock of India has also registered a consistent grow th over the period of study. Net FDI stock for the period 1990-2000 was 1533 Million US$ which rose to 61523 Million dollars. However, net FDI stock of China is about 4 times than that of India. India’s inward FDI stock to GDP ratio improved from 0. 5 per cent for the 1990-2000 to 9. 9 per cent by the year 2008. Similarly, ratio of outward FDI Stock to GDP for the Corresponding period has registered a consistent rise and was at the level of 5 per cent In the year 2008 Source: UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2009; Net FDI Inflow= Inward FDI flow Minus Outward FDI Flow.There is a positive link between FDI and India’s growth story. India has been observing a consistent growth in net FDI flow. Ratio of FDI Inflow to Gross Capital Formation has improved from 1. 9 per cent during the period 1990-2000 to 9. 6 per cent in the year 2008. . Service sector has been the highest contributor of FDI inflow to India (22%). Followed by computer software and hardware (9%), telecommunica tion (8%), housing And real estate (8%), construction activities and power (7%). Net inward FDI into India remained buoyant during April-June of 2009-10 as Manufacturing sector continued to attract most part of FDI (19. 2 per cent), followed by Real estate activities (15. per cent) and financial services (15. 4 per cent). This trend Reversal (greater FDI in manufacturing sector) could be attributed to relatively better macroeconomic performance of India. During 2008-09, continuing liberalization measures to attract FDI and positive Sentiments of global investors about the growth potential of EMEs, including India. India evolved as one of the most favoured destination for investment in the service Sector due to low cost wages and wide demand-supply gap in financial services Particularly in banking, insurance and telecommunication. Gradually India has become Important centre for back-office processing, call centres, technical support, medicalTranscriptions, knowledge process outsourci ng (KPOs), financial analysis and business processing hub for financial services and insurance claims. There has been a wide concentration of FDI inflows around Mumbai Region (36%) followed by New Delhi Region (19%), Karnataka (6%), Gujarat (6 %), Tamil Nadu (5%) and Andhra Pradesh. It is alarming that these regions receive 77% of FDI equity inflow while rest of India accounts for only 23%. Lack of proper initiative from the various state governments is responsible for such wide disparities in FDI. China is the workshop of the world. Its $1,952 billion in output last year allowed it to overturn the US' 115-year reign as the world's largest manufacturer.China's manufacturing is labour-intensive: it produced almost the same percentage of world manufacturing output as the US (~19%) with about nine times the number of workers. China’s manufacturing success — seeded by foreign investment, superb infrastructure, a rational labour law regime, an infinite supply of migrating c heap farm labour — created the fastest poverty-reduction programmed in recorded history. Indian manufacturing must seize this opportunity. India accounted for only 1. 8% of global manufacturing value added (MVA) last year versus China at 23. 3%. Our per-capita productivity was a disappointing $107 versus China at $842. Budget 2011 plans a new manufacturing policy that aims to raise the share of manufacturing in GDP from 16% today to 25% in 10 years.How China became the world’s largest manufacturing destination:-China invited foreign direct investors to provide the capital and the expertise to achieve export competitiveness in a wide range of sectors, including electronics, apparel, plastic toys, stuffed animals, ceramics, and many other labour intensive sectors. In each sector, the key was to link foreign investor capital and expertise with a large and low-cost Chinese labour force. The foreign investors brought in the product design, specialized machine tools and capi tal goods, key intermediate products, and knowledge of marketing channels. The Chinese assured these foreign investors certain key conditions for profitability, such as low taxes, reliable infrastructure, and physical security, adequate Power, decent logistics for the import and export of goods, and so forth.Creating global manufacturing competitiveness is complex but two bottlenecks for Indian manufacturing are infrastructure and labour laws. Our current labour law regime has huge costs; exploding unorganized employment, lower organized manufacturing, encouraging buying machines rather than hiring people, corruption, blue-collar exploitation and higher organized sector skill intensity. Basically, labour laws have ensured that 100% of net job creation in the last 20 years has been in the low-productivity and sub-scale unorganized sector. Added to the acute infrastructure woes are the rigidities in Indian labour markets which makes it practically impossible to shed excess labour or g et rid of nonperformers.Looking beyond these two constraints, a number of studies and reports have highlighted other weaknesses that hinder India’s development as a major export oriented manufacturing base. Some comparative statistics are given below- Source- Bajpai N and Dasgupta N, â€Å"Multinational Companies and Foreign Direct Investment in China and India†, Centre on Globalization and Sustainable Development (CGSD) Working Paper No. 2 (Sect-oral Distribution of FDI) Maharashtra Region attracts FDI in energy, transportation, services, Telecommunications and electrical equipment. Delhi and NCR attracts FDI inflows in Telecommunications, transportation, electrical equipment (including software) and Services.While Haryana emerged as a preferred destination for electrical equipment, Transportation and food processing, Tamil Nadu has been successful in attracting FDI In automotive related and auto components sector. Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka Emerged as a popular des tination for software, computer hardware and Telecommunication. India’s rural areas such as Orissa has also been successful in Attracting FDI in securing large Greenfields FDI projects in bauxite, mining, aluminium and automotive facilities. 5. Round Tripping of FDI to China – The Chinese official statistical database does not provide disaggregated FDI that would directly project the relative contribution by the Non-Resident Chinese (NRC) population in China.However, based on the fact that a large proportion of NRCs residing in Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan and Macao make FDI to mainland China, we will make the assumption that, in broad terms- any FDI originating from these countries will constitute expatriate FDI and mainland Chinese funds routed through local financial agents – round tripping. It is evident that the share of OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries and with it the share of MNCs in Chinese FDI inflows has been rais ing over the 1990s while the share of Singapore, Macao, Taiwan and Hong Kong (supposedly the NRC contribution) is falling. NRC contribution, which was nearly 80. percent of the total Chinese inflows in 1992, has gradually decreased over the 1990s, being on an average about 60. 5 percent over the decade. China’s FDI numbers include a substantial amount of round-tripping: A large amount of Chinese black money is recycled through Hong Kong and sent back to the mainland as FDI. Round-tripping in fact accounts for one-half of China’s FDI inflows, which thus reduces the reported level from $40 billion to $20 billion in 2000(see graph below). Even in 2001, more than 47 percent of FDI inflows to China came from these four countries (Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan and Macao) where a large proportion of NRC's reside. 6. Directional Comparison of FDI in India and China –China's FDI inflows are somewhat inflated due to ‘round-tripping’ investment through Hong Kon g, which poses as a foreign investment in order to acquire the benefits from preferential tax treatment. The World Bank estimates that about 20–30% of FDI in China was due to the round-tripping investment on the other hand, India's FDI inflows are underestimated because the figure excludes reinvested earnings. While it is very likely that the entire FDI from these economies to China may not be totally from the NRCs, but a very large part of it actually is. Expatriate investment has been a very small portion of aggregate FDI in India, in spite of gradual attempts by the government to simplify the regulations involving investments by the non-resident Indians (NRIs) into the country and hence the expatriateIndians do not form a large segment of the target investors in India, unlike in China. On the whole, it is observed that in India, FDI is flowing into areas where skilled labour is major input sectors are telecom, electrical equipment, including computer software, energy, and the transportation industry. These four sectors accounted for roughly 50 percent of FDI inflows remarkable difference exists in the expanse of the areas of foreign investments in India and China. FDI in China is rather extensive, being diffused over agriculture (farming, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery), mining, and manufacturing and significantly into the tertiary sector.Moreover, social-welfare related sectors like education and healthcare and wholesale and retail trade(till 2012) that have not yet been targeted in India as sectors competent for attracting FDI inflows, but these have contributed to FDI in China. China has, since 1998, stepped up its efforts to encourage foreign investments into technology development and innovation. Several incentives, such as import duty exemption for equipment and technology brought into China by foreign-invested research companies, tax breaks for incomes obtained from transfer of technology, and business tax exemption to foreign enterpri ses transferring advanced technology, are luring foreign investors to China. China most certainly attracted large sums of FDI in the manufacturing sector, a significant part of which could definitely be channelized to India had India not been plagued with inadequacies.India’s product reservation for the small-scale industry, stringent labour laws, inability of the firms to exit, if conditions so demanded (no exit policy), lack of decision-making authority with India’s state governments and hence lack of competition among Indian states to attract FDI (as against China’s provinces) were some of the key factors why India lost large sums of FDI. Fall in FDI in electrical equipment manufacturing in India has been due to the cheap Chinese goods flooding the market. The role of sub-national government as a catalyst to FDI inflows has also been ignored in India while decentralization of FDI seeking and related powers has been given due importance in china. The Chinese g overnment welcomes FDI and does not seek too much documentation for companies setting up ventures in China. Getting licenses is also easy for setting up a unit in china. Export-orientation in FDI in India and China- China has been successful in attracting huge export oriented FDI inflows in recent years.China invited FDI to provide the capital and the expertise to achieve export competitiveness in the manufacturing sector with the key link of providing cheap labour . The foreign investors brought in the product design, specialized machine tools and capital goods, key intermediate products, and knowledge of world marketing channels. The Chinese assured these foreign investors certain key conditions for profitability, such as low taxes, reliable infrastructure, physical security, adequate power, decent logistics for the import and export of goods. India has large scale reservation in the small sector industries such as handicrafts which have large demand in the world market. SEZ's and EPZ'sSEZs, along China’s coastline, were designed to give foreign investors and domestic enterprises favourable conditions such as import intermediate products and capital goods duty free for rapid export promotion and good infrastructure. India also had similar models of EPZ and Export Oriented Units (EOU). EPZs are located at various places including Cochin, Falta (near Calcutta), Kandla, Chennai, Noida, Santacruz (Mumbai), Vishakhapatnam and Surat. A unit could be set up in these zones subject to availability of space. Incentives provided to attract investment in these areas were ‘zero import duty', a ‘special 10-year income tax rebate' and other incentives. Eight special zones failed to achieve the export targets.Decentralization of decision-making authority was also a major reason for SEZ success in China. Another ingredient of infrastructure is the availability of power at competitive rate. Apart from cheap power there is no power failure in China, as in In dia. The EPZ's in India are one -third of the required size. In China all jobs are on contract basis, which stand terminated upon the expiry of the terms, which can be fixed/flexible or for a specific job. In contrast, the labour laws in India are extremely stringent and the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 does not allow companies with 100 or more employees to retrench labour without seeking prior permission the concerned state government. EPZ's in India have performed poorly due to:-Insufficient logistical links with ports and airport, Poor infrastructure in areas surrounding the zones (e. g. unpaved roads and poor Physical security), Government ambivalence and red-tape regarding inward FDI, Unclear incentive packages governing inward investment, and Lack of interest and authority of state and local governments, and the private sector, Compared with the central government, in the design, set-up, and functioning of the Zones. Unclear ownership of land- A major part of land parcels in India is subject to legal dispute over their ownership. This prevents to acquire land for retail; housing and the courts take an enormous time for clearing such cases.As a result Indian developers have hard time raising collateral for loans against land for which they don’t have a clear ownership. Revising the law on land construction would give a major push to the sluggish construction industry of India. Parts of India are plagued by archaic laws such as ULCRA (Urban Land Ceiling Regulation Act) which created an artificial land scarcity leading to rising land prices further rising the cost of the housing Industry. Following Recommendations to improve FDI flows to India:- Apart from taking steps to improve infrastructural facilities and enhancing labour Market flexibility while the government has lifted sect oral caps for FDI over the last decade.Policies have thus far been ad-hoc and a source of uncertainty. Particular attention should also be paid to the removal of restrict ions on FDI in the Services sectors — including telecoms, banking and insurance, aviation, etc – as this will Help ease transactions costs for both consumers and business. The World Bank (2002) Has in fact proclaimed that â€Å"in virtually every country, the performance of the service Sectors can make the difference between rapid and sluggish growth† One sector that should certainly get this automatic approval is the education sector. Currently there is no FDI in education Allowed. Since it is well known that the education sector in India has reached a plateau.In terms of ideas or development, it is only fair that new ideas and methodologies from other countries are tried out. The SEZ'S and EPZ'S have failed to achieve their targets, for this the government must provide SEZs in strategic locations, close to ports or major industrial locations. Concurrent to this establishment of SEZs in strategic locations, the government should also provide all necessary infra structural facilities to ensure the success of the SEZ’s. The government needs to beyond the current policy of only allowing SEZs in areas that are already owned by companies applying for the SEZ: in effect, a SEZ should be like a huge industrial park rather than having one single company in it.Three, focus should not just be on the absolute amount of gross FDI inflows but also the type. More specifically, while India has experienced an infusion of FDI inflows in recent times, a large portion of the new inflows have been in the form of M&A's. Given that the latter does not necessarily imply new capital infusion into a country, the macroeconomic consequences of the two types of FDI can be quite different. The focus should not just be on the amount of Greenfield FDI inflows but also the positive externalities to be derived from them, including in terms of technological development. The effectiveness of the Foreign Investment Implementation Authority (FIIA) needs to be enhanced. Any investment promotion strategy must be geared towards the following: (a) image-building activities promoting the country and its regions and states as favourable locations for investment; (b) investment-generating activities through direct targeting of firms by promotion of specific sectors and industries, and personal selling and establishing direct contacts with prospective investors. India does have a vibrant manufacturing sector but that rarely comes out internationally because it gets drowned out by the more glamorous software and other service related sectors. This perception is a fundamental one and goes well beyond reasons such as red-tape, corruption, poor infrastructure though they are inter-related to an extent.To get rid of this tag is easier said than done but the government can do more promotion activities to this end, preventing diverting this FDI to China. There is the desperate need to create a deep talent pool. This is inherently dangerous for a country like Ind ia which has a tag of a services country; a sector that needs a deep talent pool to feed off. This lack of talent is reflected in the growth in wages which is one of the highest in the world. India has the highest wage inflation of any Asian economy. The one thing that makes India attractive is the cost arbitrage and if wages increase the way they are increasing, it is very likely that this arbitrage will disappear and along with it, valuable FDI dollars.To this end, it is necessary to continuously monitor the quality of students as well as the quality of teachers in educational institutions. The table below gives the rise in wages in different sectors for year 2012. While many policy barriers have been removed on FDI in India, results have at times been disappointing due to administrative barriers at the state level as well as lack of coordination between the central and state governments. There need to be greater coordination between the centre and states to ensure that the substa ntial foreign interest in investing in India gets translated into actual investment flows to the State. An example of this is the proposed $12 billion investment, India’s single largest FDI investment, by South Korean steel giant, Pasco.Pasco signed an agreement in June 2005 to set up a steel plant in Orissa but as of March 2008, the steel plant is yet to be start construction, let alone any operations. Every kind of problem ranging from political to environmental to allegations of land grabbing has affected this project. The main problem has risen from the allegation that they would make some villagers landless and Pasco cannot have a factory anywhere else because the raw material is in Orissa. This is a problem that the Orissa government could have easily foreseen but many governments in India have a tendency to promise too much and do too little. This clearly has impacted credibility of many state governments.India should continue to work towards developing a deep and liqu id corporate debt market. India is one of the few countries with a major equity market but With a highly illiquid corporate debt market. A well functioning corporate debt market Does one major thing for companies looking to invest in India. It is very likely that when Companies are investing their money in India or in any other country, they are more Likely to use debt rather than their own cash. Therefore, they would go to debt markets In their countries of origin and raise money there. However, this could lead to a considerable exchange rate risk because FDI is usually long-term and there is no good way of forecasting exchange rate movements in the long-run.If there a well functioning corporate debt market in India, it actually makes India that much more attractive. India should consciously work towards attracting greater FDI into R&D as a means of strengthening the country’s technological prowess and competitiveness. Policymakers are looking at FDI as the primary source of funds. It is important to Keep in mind that FDI on its own is not a panacea for rapid growth and development. What India needs is to put in place a comprehensive development strategy, which Includes being open to trade and FDI. This ought to go a long way to fulfilling the Ultimate goal of permanently eradicating poverty over the medium and longer-terms.India should remove the product reservation in small scale industries, bring in flexible labour laws, this will generate competitiveness in this sector which is critical for a growing economy. India has failed to evolve as inward FDI manufacturing destination. Manufacturing investment has potentiality to develop ancillary industries also. There is a wide spread under employment in agriculture. Manufacturing sector has greater scope of low end, labour intensive manufacturing jobs for unskilled population when compared with service sector. The issues of geographical disparities of FDI in India need to address on priority. India is a q uasi-federal country consisting of States and Union Territories.States are also partners in the economic reforms, and should offer several tax incentives etc for attraction. Data on FDI reveals that India has increase largely due to Merger and Acquisitions (M&A's) rather than large Greenfield projects. Business friendly environment must be created on priority to attract large Greenfields projects. Regulations should be simplified so that realization ratio is improved (Percentage of FDI approvals to actual flows). To maximize the benefits of FDI persistently India should also focus on developing human capital and technology. M&A's not necessarily imply infusion of new capital into a country if it is through reinvested earnings and intra-company loans.A Greenfield Investment is the investment in a manufacturing, office, or other physical company-related structure or group of structures in an area where no previous facilities exist. Governments should see that losing corporate tax reve nue is a small price to pay if jobs are created and knowledge and technology is gained to boost the country's human capital. There is abundance opportunity in Greenfield Projects. But the issue of land acquisition and steps taken to protect local interests by the various state governments are not encouraging. MOU ArecelorMittal controversy is one of the best examples of such disputes Due to poor quality primary education and higher there is still an acute shortage of talent. This factor has negative repercussion on domestic and foreign business. FDI in Education Sector is less than 1%.Given the status of primary and higher education in the country, FDI in this sector must be encouraged. The SEZ’s and EPZ’s of India have failed to achieve their export targets due to unclear rules and regulations by the government, overcrowding of units in these zones and poor infrastructure as discussed previously in the report. It is found that there are Lower indirect taxes in china, lower import duties on raw materials since the Government often sees that losing corporate tax revenue is a small price to pay if jobs are created and knowledge and technology is gained to boost the country's human capital, higher labour productivity encourage higher FDI’s in china.The Indian Government should also implement such regulations. In China, Foreign investment in research and development (R&D) and foreign enterprises transferring advanced technology to china are exempt from paying import duty; such policies aren’t seen in India. In order to improve technological competitiveness of India, FDI into R&D should be promoted; FDI can be instrumental in developing rural economy. There is abundance opportunity in Greenfield Projects. But the issue of land acquisition and steps taken to protect local interests by the various state governments are not encouraging. 8. FDI in Retail(how it is good for the country):-Small shops, street vendors and malls can all co-exist (as they are doing now): They all serve different needs, and different income segments. The FDI approval does state that â€Å"30 per cent of the products must be procured from small scale industries which have a total investment in plant and machinery not exceeding $1 million. FDI in retail will expand consumer base. Some categories currently have no big players: There are some categories of stores that are just not present in India. The suppliers of e. g. -air conditioning units have increased but the food sector supplies remain traditionally the same. Having a Wal-Mart will cater to the increasing consumer base. FDI in India Retail should be welcomed as this will bring a lot of money in India.Foreign Investment will help the government to build new infrastructure and improve rural infrastructure. Farmers will be the biggest beneficiaries from this move, as they will be able to improve their productivity and get high prices by selling their crops directly in the market to the lar ge organized players. Government will also gain by FDI through transparent and accountable monitoring of goods and supply change management systems. Products will be available to the consumers at reduced price since products will be purchased directly from the farmers and sold to consumers. This will provide lots of job opportunities to unemployed people in India.It will provide more options to the farmers with less wastage of agriculture product. FDI in retail will increase the competition for Indian players pushing them to improve their products and services. The final beneficiary of this competition will be the consumers. We have enormous wastage in foods and vegetables because small stores and vegetable vendors cannot afford refrigerated trucks, or any refrigeration. The stores lose money, and so does the consumer (because a lot of the fruits/ vegetables spoil too quickly after purchase. Hence the State governments should go with this agenda instead of opposing it and see the bi gger picture. 9. McKinsey report on economic performance of India-McKinsey Global Institute prepared a report on how the global economy works with a special focus on India which will be the most populated but remains one of the poorest economies. Special focus was given on the economic performance and growth potential of the country comparing its growth with its neighbour China. Following findings were made- A decade ago India and China had the same GDP per capital, but now India’s GDP is only half that of china. Some of the factors preventing India's GDP to grow in comparison to China are Low Productivity-This arises due to regulations concerning markets and products, land market ownership distortions and government owned businesses since they protect most industries from competition.Inequitable regulations-such regulations restrict competition thus reducing efficiency as seen in the telecommunication industries there private players have to pay a heavy licensing fees compar ed to government owned incumbents who do not do so. Uneven enforcement- the small scale industries steal power frequently compared to bigger more visible counterparts who can’t do so. Reservation of products for small scale industries-Around 500 products are reserved for small scale industries (as of 2001), such reservations restricts these industries to achieve production efficiency. Licensing or Quasi Licensing-Several sectors such as dairy require a license from Government before starting production. These licensing authorities prevent private entrants into entering competition.Government ownership of companies promote inefficiency and waste-their labour productivity levels are far below their private players- in telecommunications and electricity government control both the regulators and state electricity boards(SEB's) which are highly inefficient and lose around 30 % to theft compared to 10% of power lost by private players to theft. Poor infrastructure and less red tap e in port management could greatly reduce customs clearance time. Unclear Ownership- A large proportion of land in India is subject to legal disputes over their ownership and the courts are very slow in resolving disputes. This prevents buying land for retail and housing. Counterproductive taxation-Low property taxes, ineffective tax collection, subsidised user charges for water and power leave the local governments unable to invest in infrastructure e. g. – in Delhi water is supplied at 10% of its true cost. MEASURES TO IMPROVE PRODUCTIVITY-The following measures were suggested – removing reservations on small scale industries, establishing effective proactive and independent regulators, rationalising taxes and custom duties, removing restrictions on foreign investment and widespread privatisation which will boost competition, further improving the quality of products, and at times, has reduced the cost also. Removing the barriers to higher productivity, privatization and a more efficient taxation could save the government from what it loses now by providing subsidies to the state owned enterprises, helping it to reduce its burgeoning budget deficit. Increased Productivity and opening more sectors to FDI would also create new jobs, which is crucial for the second most populous country of the world. 10. ConclusionIndia and China are exemplars of the changes brought on by globalization. They are two of the fastest growing economies in the world and possess two of the largest domestic markets by number of consumers. FDI has been a major contributor to both nations’ growth, bringing in more than just investment capital. FDI has fostered the introduction of technology, human know-how, and helped to link nations internationally. India has complex FDI regimes that, while allowing for large nominal volumes of FDI inflows, has major flaws. India still protects large economic sectors from investment, is slow to approve foreign acquisitions of domes tic firms (if at all), and is characterized by excessive bureaucracy.The analyses in the current study suggest that: China’s potentially huge domestic market is the major determinant of its inward FDI . Comparing to India, China’s better performance in attracting FDI fromwas mainly due to its larger domestic market and higher international trade ties along with better infrastructure and less of red tapism. . . 10. References 1) Bajpai N and Dasgupta N,†Multinational Companies and Foreign Direct Investment in China and India†, Centre on Globalization and Sustainable Development (CGSD) Working Paper No. 2 2) Wei W,†China and India: Any difference in their FDI performances? , Journal of Asian Economics, Vol-16 719–736(2005) ) Bensidoun I , Lemoine F, â€Å"The integration of China and India into the world economy: a comparison†, The European Journal of Comparative Economics,Vol- . 6, n. 1, pp. 131-155 4)http://www. investinginindia. in/ â⠂¬â€œ FDI Website. 5)M. Shamim Ansari, M. Ranga,†India's Foreign Direct Investment : Current Status,Issues,and Policy Recommendations†,UTMS Journal of Economics, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 1-16, 2010 6)Bajpai, N. and Dasgupta, N. , â€Å"What Constitutes Foreign Direct Investment: Comparison of India and China†, Columbia Earth Institute, Columbia University, Working Paper, April. 7)Agosin, M. and R. Mayer (2000). â€Å"Foreign investment in Developing Countries: Does it Crowd in Domestic Investment? † Discussion Paper No. 146, UNCTAD, Geneva