crime control Essays

crime control Essays crime control Essay crime control Essay Garland, D. 2001. The culture of control. Oxford: Clarendon. The culture of control of David Garland describes the huge changes and developments of criminal Justice and crime control system since the 1970s, as well as the changes of attitude and responses to crime of societies both in the United Kingdom and the USA. The main aim of this book is to explain and observe how come that crime control happened to be so unpredictable, and how those two societies path of historical development of crime control appeared to be practically the contrary of that which was expected. And more importantly this book is focused on how these historical changes in such different fields as sociology, economy and politics have had such a noticeable effect on the developing structures of crime control and public order in the UK and the USA. Accordingly, one of the Garlands arguments in this book is that any major transformations in social grounds lead to the correlative alterations in the structure of crime control (p. 7). In doing so, Garland put an effort to integrate changes in different fields in order to explain what the structure of the modern Justice system is and changes it is shaped by. This book includes eight chapters each of which to contemplate Justice system and crime control. The starting point in answering the questions mentioned above is comparison old and modern crime control and criminal Justice systems in the UK and the USA, which was made in the first chapter. Furthermore, to make this kind of evaluation, in Garlands view, it is crucial to evaluate changes in historical: when the discontinuity started, penalogical: change in the way of discerning and acting on crime, sharp shift of the hierarchy of criminal Justice systems organisations, and inally sociological background of both British and American societies. In addition, list of the most important streams of change, such as the reappearance of corrective sanctions as a result of public outcry and anger, that consequently has led to invocation of peoples opinion in support of new laws and penal policies, which, in turn, resulted in politicization and the new populism, occurring over the past three decades were explored and broadly explained. In another David Garlands criminological book named Punishment and Modern Society (1990) the system of prisons was broadly discussed and critically analysed. In this book Garland criticised the prison to fail correctionalist objectives, and, according to him, the rates of imprisonment declined, while monetary penalties increased harshly (Garland, 1990, p. 149). However, in The culture of Control Garland found this rates to went up and the reinvention of the prison was listed to be one of the major changes taken place in last 30 years both in the I-JK and the USA. It was explained by huge changes of criminological ideas, which used to regard crime as a result of relative deprivation, therefore, according to this theory, person becomes delinquent because of the poor ducation or social injustice, whereas since 1970 control theories, the base of which is assumed to be perfectibility of human-being, were widely adopted, and social control, self-control became dominant subjects of the modern criminal Justice in making policies (p. As a resul t, there were developed innovative criminological and corrective viewpoints, whose the main purpose was to control the occurrence of crime through techniques of social control. While discussing the limitations of the penal-welfare state, Garland mentioned this theory to be emphasized on crime revention, safety of the nation and upholding the order in society by legislators and the public itself. The next few chapters move on to the discussion of how these radical changes in the total crime control arena were formed not only by forces which have influenced the criminal Justice system directly, but also by broader social, economic, and political changes that took place in the United States and Great Britain and were described by huge growth in both of these countries. The author attributes much of this change to industrial and technical progresses uch as mass media, also a growing structure of social and commercial stratification, environmental changes, as well as the transformations in the construction of relationships within family. Furthermore, it was argued that changes which occurred were the result of the numerous national and global calamities that have been plunged. All the social and political transformations mentioned above apparently contributed to the expansion of conflicting political and cultural opinions that reproduced following variations to the structure of social control. In sum, the first our chapters of the book provide a full clarification of the procedures that ended up with the development of a new crime control strategy for the USA and the I-JK. While the next two sections provide an explanation on how politicians and legislators, administrative agencies and criminal Justice specialists replied to difficulties that rose from growing crime rates, as well as the in ability of the contemporary Justice system to meet the publics requests of crime control. According to this view, approval given by public and government is the base for the comparative success of ny crime control. In these chapters the author sought to create a straight connection between the whole mechanisms of the criminal Justice system and the objectives of other organisations. Publics and legislators are viewed to exert an unlimited deal of effect over present social control strategies. This book implies that criminal Justice organizations reply to the requirements of those to whom they are obliged by adjusting their public control responses. The most important conclusion that is considered to be made by Garland in two final chapters is that official social control esponses of criminal Justice institutions are reliant on a certain extent of mutuality with other organizations of informal social control, what consequently leads criminal justice system to be dependent on politicians and legislators who pass and control the law. Also the concluding part of the book contains a brief discussion of the future. In this regard, Garland anticipates times of economic improvements for states and the federal government, as well as as the noticeable decrease of rates of unemployment and gradually declining criminality rates at the first half of the twenty-first century. However, he also predicts that our society is holding the direction towards even more retributory measures, which was described as distinctive feature of the current structure of crime control, and that this track could require extra financial outlay, especially its cost is expected to be most tangible in the long-run future. Hence, he questions the effectiveness of our existing system of social control in tavour ot the penal-weltare structure ot the twentieth century, whose advantages and positive impacts were clearly discussed in Managing Modernity written by Matt Matravers. Where he points out advantages of penal-welfarism as hilosophy of criminal Justice sysem, which supports the point of view that criminals should own the right and the optimistic incentive to achieve chances for improvement in the criminal Justice system (Matavers, 2005, p. ) To draw a conclusion, the book provides an outstanding and broad contrast between crime control system of the past, which was ruled by the penal-welfare ideal, and the recent one, which is considered to be more flexible punitive scheme of social control that developed in the last three decades. This book not only describes the procedures and internal processes of the contemporary crime control system in nusual way and details , paying attention to criminal Justice structure reactions and adaptations to present delinquency control problems, but also it tries to predict the effects of the modern criminological theory and consequences it could lead to in the future. The progression of the contemporary crime control in the UK and he USA was explored and observed from variety angles that this is difficult for me to think of uncovered aspects of this field. And this, according to my mind, resulted in unclear organization of the book. That is, it is often difficult to identify how details of each hapter related to the main argument of the author and consequently, this makes the reader look through the previous pages in order to understand the link and not get confused . Despite the fact that Garlands writing style of The Culture of Control was thorough; the feeling of poor relatedness accompanied me throughout the reading. The high extent of intersection of huge amount of materials could be found to be too complicated to comprehend the aim of each chapter for non-professional in the field of criminal Justice philosophy and crime control literature. Another disenchantment f the book is that it did not provide broad comparison of the development of criminal Justice system between the states of America and Great Britain, which was expected, according to the plan of Garland, to include a range of similarities as well as the differences. There was not clear and systematic contrast on British and American crime controls, that is, some parts of the book have more emphasis on British system, while the others on United States one. Nevertheless, the book delivers a detailed explanation of the forces that have Joint together and contributed to the development of todays crime control system. This book would undeniably be valuable and informative source for expansion the familiarity with sophisticated processes that have developed our social control. Therefore, university students or readers interested or involved into criminological field are expected to advantage from David Garlands investigation of crime and the noticeable shifting of our modern societys reactions to it. References: Garland, D. 1990. Punishment and modern society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Garland, D 2001. The culture ot control. Oxtord: Clarendon. Matravers, M. 2005. Managing modernity. London: Routledge.

The role of the U.S. Military in keeping internatinal peace Essay

The role of the U.S. Military in keeping internatinal peace - Essay Example To the extent that U.S. military force can enhance international stability and the durability of the types of legitimate governments that would address these issues seriously and effectively, it may have an important role to play. In dealing with the threat posed by tyrannies in Asian countries the United States attempts to promote strains within the patron-client relationship. Locally generated conflicts, or at least some types of these conflicts, can have severe security implications for states friendly to, or allied with, the United States and by indirect means for the United States itself (Sturkey20). Indeed, the US administration has highlighted the danger that such contingencies could pose to the United States when he cited the Iranian air attack on Kuwaiti oil fields as an example of the vulnerability of Persian Gulf facilities-notably those of Saudi Arabia-to sneak attack Other contingencies pose dangers that may not have evoked presidential comment, but are no less important for their latency. Not every local contingency can be expected to have the impact of the seizure of Abyssinia on the fortunes of the global balance, but indifference to anything other than the obvious threat could mistakenly be p erceived as impotence and lead to a concatenation of events climaxing in a conflict (Sturkey24). The history of US military peacekeeping operations goes back to the Cold War years and is closely connected with armed conflicts between nation-states. Following Zwanenburg (2005): 'A definition of' peacekeeping operations' by the UN in 199) reflects the main principles over the years, a peacekeeping operation has come to he defined as an operation involving military personnel" (17). Local contingencies may indeed involve full-scale wars between two states. The Iran-Iraq war, the Horn of Africa conflict, which lasted some nine months, and the shorter conflicts between Pakistan and India in 1971, between China and Vietnam and between the Yemens in 1979 all involved major force commitments between combatant states. At the other extreme, a local "contingency" might extend beyond the boundaries of the state in question. With the hindsight of a decade, one might classify the 1969 dethronement of King Idris of Libya as such an event. Less obvious, but potentially important for long-term U. S. influence in West Africa, might be the removal of the Tolbert regime by a previously obscure master sergeant named, appropriately enough, Doe. Falling between these extremes, with extremity defined by the level of armed force committed in each case, are various forms of popular uprisings against a government in power. Here a distinction might be made between relatively swift overthrow of government, notably coups and mass civilian revolts, and drawn-out guerrilla operations (Sturkey 32). Of the civilian revolts not directly involving the superpowers, by far the most serious for international stability was that which took place in Iran. The revolt against the shah clearly was locally inspired, though it was not immune from foreign (notably Soviet) encouragement. Popular feeling against the shah was manifest in a wide array of "disparate groups, classes and individuals" (Sturkey43). The

Specific Behaviour Problems Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Essay

Specific Behaviour Problems Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) - Essay Example An explanation given for this kind of disparity is the psychological view that female gender is able to learn how to direct the behaviour issues they experience and have more control over them as is opposed to males. However, the likelihood that females will still exhibit criminal behaviours after having developed ADHD is still as possible as that of the male gender. One of the most important points to note is the fact that not all people who have been diagnosed with this disorder have to develop criminal behaviours. The only thing is that the rate of this criminality occurring is higher than it is for normal children (Siegel & Senna, 2004). ADHD has been widely covered in terms of research due to the interest it has elicited in many behavioural outcomes in society. The fact that criminal practice is of greater interest to society has made this disorder receive much attention as forming the basis of explanation given to future criminal practices by these individuals that exhibited th e behaviour in their growth stages. This could be attributed to the aspect of co-morbidity that has been established with this disorder as having a link to other external behaviours (Johansson, et al., 2005). This paper takes a critical look at ADHD, its implications for schools and schooling environment, intervention measures, and how this behaviour is likely to be applied in the current and future educational practices (Ghodsian-Carpey & Baker, 1987). Review on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Some form of dysfunctions in the brain or abnormalities on the cerebral structures does affect people leading to them experiencing explosive rage which could be in form of violence episodes. Such explosive rage is thought to cause antisocial behaviour. The ADHD levels in children who pose antisocial behaviours in class have been established to be higher. In addition to that, ADHD has been linked to some conditions known to be risk factors in carrying out offenses, and they cou ld be exhibited as neuropsychological deficits, poor cognitive and academic skills, defiance, aggression, psychological problems, and truancy (Moffitt, 1993). Indeed a real cause of ADHD has not been fully established and all the explanations available are merely based on some intuitions derived from known biological and psychological developments (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Many think it is as a result of chemical imbalance within the central nervous system which is caused by exposure to certain environmental factors such as exposure to toxin at pregnancy, additives taken in food and allergies, including reactions to sugar, caffeine and other foods and colourings, or genetic factors. For those in favour of biochemical imbalance explanation, they pose that this results from a neurotransmitter deficiency and where this imbalance is not treated, such a child develops and shows maladaptive behaviours and these could be followed by long periods of emotional and physical pr oblems (Reiss, 1997). The most common way of identifying ADHD is observing a student in the way he or she behaves. This student will have difficulties in being attentive in class, could be very active and thus hyperactivity, or may carry out an action before thinking, a condition known as impulsivity (Babinski, et

Reasons for the Decline in Union Membership and Density in the 21st Research Paper

Reasons for the Decline in Union Membership and Density in the 21st Century - Research Paper Example Over the past decade, unions have used their political clout to advocate legislation and establish regulatory agencies that supersede entirely or greatly circumscribe the scope of collective bargaining on many issues of significance to employees. When deciding whether or not to form or join a union, workers balance the costs of doing so, such as union dues, against the expected benefits, such as better working conditions and pensions. While the costs of joining unions are seemingly unaffected by most labor legislation, the potential benefits of doing so decline. Because they are already buying labor protection and mandated fringe benefits with tax dollars, workers have less incentive to join unions. The political success of unions in the past has surely played some role in undermining their future prospects, as in the case of VBY union. It is no secret that labour unions have been declining in membership and influence for many years. The number of unionized workers in Europe was only 16.7 million in 1990, which is approximately 16 per cent of the workforce. This is less than one-half the per cent unionized in the mid-1950s. Some managers view the decline of unions with glee. To them unions are non-productive, combative adversaries interfering with the harmonious and efficient operation of the company. Some of them have adopted the idea that this is pay-back time for the punishment management suffered in the sixties and early seventies when rising wages, automatic cost of living adjustments, ever-increasing benefits, strikes, and Byzantine work rule arrangements seemingly were the rule.  

Sukarno, President of Indonesia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Sukarno, President of Indonesia - Essay Example Deborah Rhode wrote an entire book studying the growing discussion about what global moral values there might be without coming to any actual conclusions (2006). However, there is a consistent need for a moral leader to be interested in providing the greatest good to the largest number of people, taking on a utilitarian approach to leadership. How that might be accomplished is a matter of individual values, beliefs, and political/social/economic climate. Taking a closer look at a leader such as Sukarno of Indonesia may help us to understand more about how individual values and beliefs can combine or collide with the climate to create the moral leader. Sukarno was born in 1901 to an aristocratic family and was given the best of educations, starting at boarding schools by the time he was 11 years old. When he graduated high school, he married the daughter of the man who owned his boarding house and then moved on to college. By the time he graduated college, he had divorced his first wi fe and married the ex-wife of his new boarding house's owner (Adams, 1965). He reportedly was very creative and had a photographic memory, which made it easier for him to become fluent in a number of different languages (Ludwig, 2004). After he finished his schooling, Sukarno went on to divorce and marry another woman and to start his own architectural company with a partner. His designs were shaped by his politics and vice versa. According to Rudolf Mrazek (2002), Sukarno was a very modern leader and believed the future would be blind to race, would be neat and Western in style, and would be anti-imperialist. While in high school, he had been influenced by Tjokroaminoto's nationalist ideas, but he also studied Western, communist, and Islamic political philosophy while he was in college (Adams, 1965). He eventually developed his own style of leadership which he called Marhaenism, based on concepts of socialist self-sufficiency. He was also irritated with the mostly Dutch-dominated s ocial clubs he encountered at college and organized his own study clubs for Indonesian students. By the time he was 26 and graduated, Sukarno and his friends created a pro-independence party called the PNI (Adams, 1965) or the Indonesian National Party. As the party leader, Sukarno played a major role in establishing the party platform which advocated Indonesian independence and fought against imperialism and capitalism because these systems did not add value to the lives of the Indonesian people. In keeping with Sukarno's modern beliefs, the party also advocated a secular system of leadership that ensured unity among the various different races of the region. The party was very quickly populated by members from the university who wished to gain greater freedoms and opportunities which had not been available under the Dutch colonial occupation (Adams, 1965). Within three years, it had gained more than 10,000 members, forcing the government to react. They arrested Sukarno and seven o f other party leaders and put them on trial for threatening the public order. Sukarno received four years of jail sentence and the party subsequently dissolved (Ricklefs, 1982). Looking at this party and Sukarno's historic defense speech on the day of his trial helps to reveal some of the values that Sukarno stood for at his most idealistic phase and illustrates the kind of moral leader he was. When Sukarno was arrested for his involvement with the PNI, he was permitted to deliver a speech in his defense. This speech has since

US homeland security related critical infrastructure matters

US homeland security related critical infrastructure matters The statement: The Department of Homeland Security has complete responsibility for all U.S. homeland security related critical infrastructure (CI) matters is not entirely accurate; originally, matters of national security were the sole responsibility of the federal government (Homeland Security, 2003, p. 7). Today, national critical infrastructure protection is a joint effort among the federal government, public and private sectors. The Department of Homeland Security was established to protect and secure the homeland from both domestic and foreign threats. According to the Homeland Security Act of 2002, the development of a plan which will ensure the security of critical infrastructure is the responsibility of the DHS (Homeland Security, 2009). Likewise, the DHS is also responsible for recommending the measures necessary to protect the key resources and critical infrastructure of the United States (Homeland Security, 2009, p. 2). The mission of DHS is one that involves the protection of infrastructure and critical facilities and networks (Homeland Security, 2010, p. 33). The DHS is responsible for the identification and assessment of all components which make up critical infrastructure. In addition to mitigating potential vulnerabilities; improving the resilience of critical infrastructure, is also a top priority of the DHS. This includes but is not limited to: stand-alone facilities and interdependent systems and networks within and across critical infrastructure sectors (Homeland Security, 2010, p. 34). The DHS serves as the leader and facilitator for those agencies who share responsibility for protecting the nations critical infrastructures (Homeland Security, 2010, p. 31). Those agencies include territorial, tribal, local and state governments, as well as the private sector and other agencies not associated with the government (Homeland Security, 2003). Conversely, when a disaster occurs these agencies are the first line of defense for national critical infrastructures. Even though the DHS is responsible for leading critical infrastructure efforts, coordination of security measures within local and state governments and critical sector industry leaders are the responsibility of federal lead departments and agencies (Homeland Security, 2003). Similarly, it is the responsibility of state and local governments to provide protection to critical infrastructures that are located within their jurisdictions (Homeland Security, 2003, p. 10). If and when a catastrophic event should occur which exhaust the capabilities of local and state governments, it is up to the federal government to coordinate a response (Homeland Security, 2003). A majority of our nations critical infrastructures are privately owned or operated, which means that the private sector are initially responsible for providing protection against threats to their facilities (Homeland Security, 2003). When the threat becomes more than the private sector can handle then the government will step in to assist and ensure that our nations critical infrastructures and assets are protected (Homeland Security, 2003, p. 11). Likewise, the federal government will be there to provide support for an environment in which the private sector can better carry out its specific responsibilities (Homeland Security, 2003, p. 11). The chemical sector is one of the most vulnerable critical infrastructures to natural disaster and terrorist attacks, that being said the DHS is working with the EPA to enhance security at chemical facilities (Homeland Security, 2003). In addition, special attention is being paid to those facilities which house large quantities of hazardous chemicals (Homeland Security, 2003, p. 78). Studies conducted by the DHS and private sector are currently underway to identify and understand physical vulnerabilities within the telecommunications infrastructure and their associated risks (Homeland Security, 2003, p. 61). Even though the private sector must occasionally seek assistance from the DHS, there are times when the federal government must rely on the private sector to lend a hand in emergency response and recovery. An example of the federal government calling on the private sector for assistance was the anthrax scare of 2001. A large Washington D.C. construction corporation was contracted to oversee the abatement and restoration of the Brentwood Post office in Washington D.C. and the Trenton Post office facility in New Jersey. One must also understand that quite a few of our nations critical infrastructures cross international borders (Homeland Security, 2003, p. 35). Therefore the federal government has partnered with the neighboring countries to provide security for our interconnected infrastructures (Homeland Security, 2003, p. 35). The United States partnership with Canada is is a vital asset to national critical infrastructure, efforts are being made to provide protection for international interconnected infrastructures. An example of this partnership is the Alaskan Canadian hightway. In order to transport goods and supplies to Alaska we must travel cross Canadian territory. It is evident that matters of critical infrastrucutre involves not only the DHS but the public and private sectors as well. The DHS would not be able to carry out their responsibilites without the assistance of local and state agencies, the private sector and vice versa. The U.S. government has made great strides in developing techniques and strategies to harden U.S. critical infrastructures which will make them more resistant to terrorist attack and natural disasters. One of the U.S. governments goals is to establish a strong partnership that spans across all levels of government, in addition to the private sector and the American people (Homeland Security, 2009). The Protected Critical Infrastructure Information Program is just one of many steps taken by the U.S. government to harden critical infrastructure. This program provides protection to security-related critical infrastructure information (Homeland Security, 2009, p. 5). By breaking down each critical infrastructure sector it is easier to understand how the U.S. government has been successful in hardening each critical infrastructure. The agriculture and food sector is one of the most vulnerable critical infrastructures, that being said, efforts to harden this sector are an ongoing challenge (Mark Sauter James Carafano, 2005). The U.S. government has revised its measures by providing more protection through the hiring of more health inspectors, and adding more reporting requirements (Sauter Carafano, 2005, p. 291). Contamination of our nations water supply is often a topic of concern; efforts are being made by the Environmental Protection Agency as well as the Department of Homeland Security to conduct a vulnerability and threat assessment (Sauter Carafano, 2005). These assessments will improve not only site security at high threat locations it will also enhance monitoring and sharing of information (Sauter Carafano, 2005, p. 292). With regards to the critical infrastructure of public health the U.S. government has implemented measures to harden biomedical surveillance (Sauter Carafano, 2005). This is extremely important because of the risks of a biological attack. There have also been improvements in hardening security of emergency stockpiles of medical supplies (Sauter Carafano, 2005, p. 294). In order to improve the physical security of medical structures the U.S. government has provided incentives to the private sector (Sauter Carafano, 2005, p. 294). In response to hardening the critical infrastructure of emergency services the U.S. government has established measures to harden interoperable and redundant communication networks (Sauter Carafano, 2005, p. 295). The U.S. government has instituted a tougher national emergency preparedness exercise program which teaches better security and promotes consistent protection planning and response protocols (Sauter Carafano, 2005, p. 295). Since the defense industrial base critical infrastructure sector is owned by a majority of the private sector the U.S. government has implemented new measures to include critical infrastructure protection requirements in contract processes (Sauter Carafano, 2005, p. 296). Likewise, security is being strengthened in the defense related commercial production and distribution processes (Sauter Carafano, 2005, p. 296). The telecommunications critical infrastructure has been assessed by the U.S. government, and in return a program has been designed to identify where the most vulnerable areas are in the communication architecture and then address the security issue (Sauter Carafano, 2005). Conversely, there have also been efforts made in the energy critical infrastructure sector to enhance resilience of the energy facilities (Sauter Carafano, 2005, p. 298). Facility equipment is being repaired and replaced and there have also been improvements in restoration and recovery of services (Sauter Carafano, 2005, p. 298). Significant improvements have been made to harden the transportation critical infrastructure sector; for example, security initiatives have been established to provide commercial airliners with protection from shoulder fired missiles (Sauter Carafano, 2005, p. 299). There have also been new developments in screening technology which help identify potential threats to transportation as well as aiding the postal service sector in identifying suspicious mail (Sauter Carafano, 2005, pp. 301-302). Despite the many efforts being made to harden critical infrastructure, there are still several weaknesses in the U.S. governments strategy. Lets face it, the only other thing that is more costly than hardening critical infrastructure is the disruption or potential loss of operations in those critical infrastructures. It is clear that trying to harden all critical infrastructures is too daunting of a task and is not cost effective. The U.S. government needs to focus on those areas of the United States where our critical infrastructures are most vulnerable (e.g. New York City, Los Angeles, Washington D.C. etc.). The federal government also needs to look at the protection of our nations water ways. Information security systems need to be deployed to guard the locks on the Mississippi and St. Lawrence seaways (Bruce Don David Mussington). By employing an information security system it will enable the monitoring of vessels and ships while in locks or approaching locks (Don Mussington). To provide another level of security, river marshals could be deployed to accompany dangerous shipments through the locks (Don Mussington). Many people dont realize that a large majority of our nations goods are transported through inland waterways, which is why it is important that more attention be paid to the transportation sector.

Malcolm X and Martin Luther King, Jr. Essay -- Malcolm X Luther King C

Malcolm X and Martin Luther King, Jr.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  African Americans are fortunate to have leaders who fought for a difference in Black America. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X are two powerful men in particular who brought hope to blacks in the United States. Both preached the same message about Blacks having power and strength in the midst of all the hatred that surrounded them. Even though they shared the same dream of equality for their people, the tactics they implied to make these dreams a reality were very different. The background, environment and philosophy of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X were largely responsible for the distinctly varying responses to American racism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The early backgrounds of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King, Jr. had major impact on their goal to achieve equality between all races. Martin Luther King, Jr. was born Michael Luther King in Atlanta, Georgia on January 15, 1929. He was one of three children born to Martin Luther King Sr., pastor of Ebenezer Baptist Church, and Alberta King, a former schoolteacher. Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little on May19, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska. His mother, Louise Norton Little, was a homemaker who stayed occupied with the family’s eight children. His father, Earl Little, was an outspoken Baptist minister and avid supporter of Black Nationalist leader Marcus Garvey. King attended segregated local public grammar schools in Georgia and graduated from high school at the age of fifteen after being skipped two grade levels. King then enrolled in Morehouse University in 1944 and graduated with a bachelor’s degree in sociology. He furthered his education after Morehouse at Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania and at Boston University, earning his doctorate. X attended reform school in Michigan after the death of his father. Malcolm dropped out of school after graduating from junior high school at the top of his class.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the years passed Malcolm and Martin took on two different lifestyles. Martin then married Coretta Scott in 1955 and into the family born two sons and two daughters. Malcolm married on January 14, 1958 to Betty Sanders and later had six daughters. King was renamed â€Å"Martin† when he was about six years old. Malcolm considered â€Å"Little† a slave name and chose the â€Å"X† to signify his lost tribal name (Rummel 157). In 1954, Martin Luther King accepted pa... ...el 125). Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X are both remembered as strong leaders who shared an equal dream that one day their people would be free from racism and oppression. They believed in this dream so strongly they sacrificed their lives for it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today, both men's legacy lives on and is being carried out by their loved ones. They had the same goal in mind about Black respect and pride, but were different in addressing their message. Personally, the life of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King has inspired me. Their determination and strong will to fight for something they believed in encouraged me to fight for my belief in God and values as a Black person. They also help me realize if you want something in life you have to go after it and that is what I did with furthering my education. One should use Malcolm and Martin as examples to not let anything in life get in the way of what you stand for. Even though Malcolm and Martin did not live to see their dream come true their deaths were not in vain. Although Black America still have a long way to go in overcoming racism, we have accomplished a lot in gaining rights since the death of Martin Luther King and Malcolm X.